A Decade of Disparities in Diabetes Technology Use and HbA _1c in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: A Transatlantic Comparison

Abstract

OBJECTIVE

As diabetes technology use in youth increases worldwide, inequalities in access may exacerbate disparities in hemoglobin A _1c (HbA _1c). We hypothesized that an increasing gap in diabetes technology use by socioeconomic status (SES) would be associated with increased HbA _1c disparities.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Participants aged <18 years with diabetes duration ≥1 year in the Type 1 Diabetes Exchange (T1DX, U.S., n = 16,457) and Diabetes Prospective Follow-up (DPV, Germany, n = 39,836) registries were categorized into lowest (Q1) to highest (Q5) SES quintiles. Multiple regression analyses compared the relationship of SES quintiles with diabetes technology use and HbA _1c from 2010–2012 to 2016–2018.

RESULTS

HbA _1c was higher in participants with lower SES (in 2010–2012 and 2016–2018, respectively: 8.0% and 7.8% in Q1 and 7.6% and 7.5% in Q5 for DPV; 9.0% and 9.3% in Q1 and 7.8% and 8.0% in Q5 for T1DX). For DPV, the association between SES and HbA _1c did not change between the two time periods, whereas for T1DX, disparities in HbA _1c by SES increased significantly ( P < 0.001). After adjusting for technology use, results for DPV did not change, whereas the increase in T1DX was no longer significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Although causal conclusions cannot be drawn, diabetes technology use is lowest and HbA _1c is highest in those of the lowest SES quintile in the T1DX, and this difference for HbA _1c broadened in the past decade. Associations of SES with technology use and HbA _1c were weaker in the DPV registry.