Shuen Yee Lee: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole:
MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole:
Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
Micheál Mac Aogáin: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole:
MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole:
Writing – review & editing
Kai Deng Fam: Role: Project administration
Kar Ling Chia: Role: Project administration
Nur A’tikah Binte Mohamed Ali: Role: Project administration
Margaret M. C. Yap: Role: Project administration
Eric P. H. Yap: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Supervision
Sanjay H. Chotirmall:
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0417-7607
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole:
SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Chin Leong Lim:
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3863-0994
Role: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole:
Writing – review & editing
Amit Gaggar: Role: Editor
Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
Journal ID (pmc): plosone
Title:
PLoS ONE
Publisher:
Public Library of Science
(San Francisco, CA USA
)
ISSN
(Electronic):
1932-6203
Publication date
(Electronic):
26
November
2019
Publication date Collection: 2019
Volume: 14
Issue: 11
Electronic Location Identifier: e0225636
Affiliations
[001]Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
University of Alabama-Birmingham, UNITED STATES
Author notes
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author information
Article
Publisher ID:
PONE-D-19-22484
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225636
PMC ID: 6879132
PubMed ID: 31770392
SO-VID: 071ebdd5-c647-4cdc-9221-5086d0b0fd02
Copyright © © 2019 Lee et al
License:
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original author and source are credited.
Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001475, Nanyang Technological University;
Award ID: ARISE/2017/6
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0417-7607
Sanjay H. Chotirmall
This work received a grant award by Ageing Research Institute for Society and Education
(ARISE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, ARISE/2017/6 (
http://arise.ntu.edu.sg) to SHC. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision
to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Subject:
Research Article
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Medical Microbiology
Subject:
Microbiome
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Genetics
Subject:
Genomics
Subject:
Microbial Genomics
Subject:
Microbiome
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Microbial Genomics
Subject:
Microbiome
Subject:
People and Places
Subject:
Population Groupings
Subject:
Age Groups
Subject:
Elderly
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pulmonology
Subject:
Pulmonary Function
Subject:
Physical Sciences
Subject:
Materials Science
Subject:
Material Properties
Subject:
Mechanical Properties
Subject:
Stiffness
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Geriatrics
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Anatomy
Subject:
Body Fluids
Subject:
Mucus
Subject:
Sputum
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Anatomy
Subject:
Body Fluids
Subject:
Mucus
Subject:
Sputum
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Physiology
Subject:
Body Fluids
Subject:
Mucus
Subject:
Sputum
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Physiology
Subject:
Body Fluids
Subject:
Mucus
Subject:
Sputum
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Anatomy
Subject:
Body Fluids
Subject:
Saliva
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Anatomy
Subject:
Body Fluids
Subject:
Saliva
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Physiology
Subject:
Body Fluids
Subject:
Saliva
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Physiology
Subject:
Body Fluids
Subject:
Saliva
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Developmental Biology
Subject:
Organism Development
Subject:
Aging
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Physiology
Subject:
Physiological Processes
Subject:
Aging
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Physiology
Subject:
Physiological Processes
Subject:
Aging