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      A comprehensive review of the family of very-long-chain fatty acid elongases: structure, function, and implications in physiology and pathology

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          Abstract

          Background

          The very-long-chain fatty acid elongase (ELOVL) family plays essential roles in lipid metabolism and cellular functions. This comprehensive review explores the structural characteristics, functional properties, and physiological significance of individual ELOVL isoforms, providing insights into lipid biosynthesis, cell membrane dynamics, and signaling pathways.

          Aim of review

          This review aims to highlight the significance of the ELOVL family in normal physiology and disease development. By synthesizing current knowledge, we underscore the relevance of ELOVLs as potential therapeutic targets.

          Key scientific concepts of review

          We emphasize the association between dysregulated ELOVL expression and diseases, including metabolic disorders, skin diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancer. The intricate involvement of ELOVLs in cancer biology, from tumor initiation to metastasis, highlights their potential as targets for anticancer therapies. Additionally, we discuss the prospects of using isoform-specific inhibitors and activators for metabolic disorders and cancer treatment. The identification of ELOVL-based biomarkers may advance diagnostics and personalized medicine.

          Conclusion

          The ELOVL family's multifaceted roles in lipid metabolism and cellular physiology underscore its importance in health and disease. Understanding their functions offers potential therapeutic avenues and personalized treatments.

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          Most cited references58

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          Cellular fatty acid metabolism and cancer.

          Erin Currie, Almut Schulze, Rudolf Zechner … (2013)
          Cancer cells often have characteristic changes in metabolism. Cellular proliferation, a common feature of all cancers, requires fatty acids for synthesis of membranes and signaling molecules. Here, we provide a view of cancer cell metabolism from a lipid perspective, and we summarize evidence that limiting fatty acid availability can control cancer cell proliferation. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
          Article 0 comments Cited 541 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Lipid Droplet Biogenesis.

            Tobias Walther, Jeeyun Chung, Robert V. Farese (2017)
            Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous organelles that store neutral lipids for energy or membrane synthesis and act as hubs for metabolic processes. Cells generate LDs de novo, converting cells to emulsions with LDs constituting the dispersed oil phase in the aqueous cytoplasm. Here we review our current view of LD biogenesis. We present a model of LD formation from the ER in distinct steps and highlight the biology of proteins that govern this biophysical process. Areas of incomplete knowledge are identified, as are connections with physiology and diseases linked to alterations in LD biology.
            Article 0 comments Cited 223 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The Various Roles of Fatty Acids

              Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho, Maria José Caramujo (2018)
              Lipids comprise a large group of chemically heterogeneous compounds. The majority have fatty acids (FA) as part of their structure, making these compounds suitable tools to examine processes raging from cellular to macroscopic levels of organization. Among the multiple roles of FA, they have structural functions as constituents of phospholipids which are the “building blocks” of cell membranes; as part of neutral lipids FA serve as storage materials in cells; and FA derivatives are involved in cell signalling. Studies on FA and their metabolism are important in numerous research fields, including biology, bacteriology, ecology, human nutrition and health. Specific FA and their ratios in cellular membranes may be used as biomarkers to enable the identification of organisms, to study adaptation of bacterial cells to toxic compounds and environmental conditions and to disclose food web connections. In this review, we discuss the various roles of FA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and highlight the application of FA analysis to elucidate ecological mechanisms. We briefly describe FA synthesis; analyse the role of FA as modulators of cell membrane properties and FA ability to store and supply energy to cells; and inspect the role of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and the suitability of using FA as biomarkers of organisms.
              Article 0 comments Cited 153 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Wenli Xie: xiewenli2009@163.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur J Med Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur J Med Res
                Title: European Journal of Medical Research
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Print): 0949-2321
                ISSN (Electronic): 2047-783X
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 November 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 20 November 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 28
                Electronic Location Identifier: 532
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.440144.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1803 8437, Department of Gynecological Oncology, , Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, ; Jinan, Shandong 250117 People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]Department of Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, ( https://ror.org/01fd86n56) Jinan, Shandong 250033 People’s Republic of China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1523
                DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01523-7
                PMC ID: 10659008
                PubMed ID: 37981715
                SO-VID: 0661e1c3-e4cf-4445-a597-34080d5eff7f
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 28 July 2023
                Date accepted : 10 November 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Qingmiao Foundation of Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute
                Award ID: CH-SFMU-QM20210004
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province
                Award ID: ZR2022QH179
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: The Development Foundation of the Second Hospital of Shandong University
                Award ID: 2022YP03
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2023

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: very-long-chain fatty acid elongases,cellular physiology,metabolic disorders,cancer,personalized medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: very-long-chain fatty acid elongases, cellular physiology, metabolic disorders, cancer, personalized medicine

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