For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
6
views
41
references
 Top references
cited by
2
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      417
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: not found

      Association between adverse experiences during Hurricane María and mental and emotional distress among adults in Puerto Rico

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Objectives

          To evaluate the association between adverse experiences during Hurricane María and mental and emotional distress in Puerto Rico.

          Methods

          This cross-sectional study used baseline data from adult (30–75 years) participants of the Puerto Rico Observational Study of Psychosocial, Environmental, and Chronic Disease Trends (PROSPECT). Enrolled individuals prior to COVID-19 who completed a 33-item questionnaire on Hurricane María-related experiences (sub-categorized as personal, service, or property losses), depression symptomatology, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety were included for analysis ( n = 456).

          Results

          Most participants experienced fear for their family's safety, damage to their home and personal items, communication outages, and water shortages. Each additional stressor was significantly associated with higher odds of depression symptoms, PTSD, and anxiety. Personal losses were significantly associated with higher likelihood of all outcomes, while services losses were associated with depression symptoms and anxiety; property loss was not significantly associated with any outcome.

          Conclusions

          Adverse experiences during a major natural disaster are associated with mental and emotional distress. Strategies to minimize hardships during natural disasters, especially personal and service losses, are essential to preserve mental health. Post-disaster psychological support to individuals is crucial.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00127-022-02355-2.

          Related collections

          Most cited references41

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

          Robert L Spitzer, Kurt Kroenke, Janet B W Williams … (2006)
          Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
          Article 0 comments Cited 7594 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: not found
            • Article: not found

            The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population

            L Radloff (1977)
            Article 0 comments Cited 4596 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population.

              Bernd Löwe, Oliver Decker, Stefanie H. Müller … (2008)
              The 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) is a practical self-report anxiety questionnaire that proved valid in primary care. However, the GAD-7 was not yet validated in the general population and thus far, normative data are not available. To investigate reliability, construct validity, and factorial validity of the GAD-7 in the general population and to generate normative data. Nationally representative face-to-face household survey conducted in Germany between May 5 and June 8, 2006. Five thousand thirty subjects (53.6% female) with a mean age (SD) of 48.4 (18.0) years. The survey questionnaire included the GAD-7, the 2-item depression module from the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and demographic characteristics. Confirmatory factor analyses substantiated the 1-dimensional structure of the GAD-7 and its factorial invariance for gender and age. Internal consistency was identical across all subgroups (alpha = 0.89). Intercorrelations with the PHQ-2 and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were r = 0.64 (P < 0.001) and r = -0.43 (P < 0.001), respectively. As expected, women had significantly higher mean (SD) GAD-7 anxiety scores compared with men [3.2 (3.5) vs. 2.7 (3.2); P < 0.001]. Normative data for the GAD-7 were generated for both genders and different age levels. Approximately 5% of subjects had GAD-7 scores of 10 or greater, and 1% had GAD-7 scores of 15 or greater. Evidence supports reliability and validity of the GAD-7 as a measure of anxiety in the general population. The normative data provided in this study can be used to compare a subject's GAD-7 score with those determined from a general population reference group.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1103 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Josiemer Mattei:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5424-8245
                jmattei@hsph.harvard.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol
                Title: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
                Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 0933-7954
                ISSN (Electronic): 1433-9285
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 September 2022
                Pages: 1-10
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.38142.3c, ISNI 000000041936754X, Department of Nutrition, , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, ; 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.189967.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0941 6502, Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, , Emory University, ; Atlanta, GA USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.225262.3, ISNI 0000 0000 9620 1122, College of Fine Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, , University of Massachusetts, ; Lowell, MA USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.477148.9, FDI Clinical Research of Puerto Rico, ; 988 Luis Muñoz Rivera Ave, San Juan, PR USA
                [5 ]GRID grid.267034.4, ISNI 0000 0001 0153 191X, Department of Biochemistry, , University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, ; Paseo Dr Jose Celso Barbosa, San Juan, PR USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5424-8245
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2355
                DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02355-2
                PMC ID: 9434507
                PubMed ID: 36048184
                SO-VID: 04045f53-d590-4d82-b567-82393bd0f99b
                Copyright © © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 18 March 2022
                Date accepted : 22 August 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: NIH NHLBI
                Award ID: R01-HL143792
                Award ID: K01-HL120951
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: NIH-NIMHD
                Award ID: R21-MD013650
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000867, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation;
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;
                Award ID: T32-HL098048
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: hurricane maria,depression,anxiety,ptsd,puerto rico
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: hurricane maria, depression, anxiety, ptsd, puerto rico

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content417

                See all similar

                Cited by2

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors776

                See all reference authors