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      ‘Help for trauma from the app stores?’ A systematic review and standardised rating of apps for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Translated title: ¿Ayuda para el trauma desde la App-store? ‘Una revisión y evaluación sistemática de aplicaciones para el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT)’ Translated title: 从应用商店中获得针对创伤的帮助?一项对创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD) 应用程序的系统综述和评估

      review-article
      a , a , b , c , a , d , c , c
      European Journal of Psychotraumatology
      Taylor & Francis
      Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), apps, eHealth, mobile health, review, trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), aplicaciones (apps), eSalud, salud móvil, revisión, 创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD), 应用程序, 电子卫生保健, 移动健康, 综述, • The use of mobile health applications (apps) in clinical practice is linked with difficulties due to an unregulated commercial market not bound to standards in quality, data protection and privacy.• 69 apps for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder were identified in a systematic search and rated in a standardized form.• High-quality apps were found to offer a wide range of functionalities, including established treatment and self-help methods, but mostly lack an evidence-base.

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Mobile health applications (apps) are considered to complement traditional psychological treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, the use for clinical practice and quality of available apps is unknown.

          Objective: To assess the general characteristics, therapeutic background, content, and quality of apps for PTSD and to examine their concordance with established PTSD treatment and self-help methods.

          Method: A web crawler systematically searched for apps targeting PTSD in the British Google Play and Apple iTunes stores. Two independent researchers rated the apps using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS). The content of high-quality apps was checked for concordance with psychological treatment and self-help methods extracted from current literature on PTSD treatment.

          Results: Out of 555 identified apps, 69 met the inclusion criteria. The overall app quality based on the MARS was medium (M = 3.36, SD = 0.65). Most apps (50.7%) were based on cognitive behavioural therapy and offered a wide range of content, including established psychological PTSD treatment methods such as processing of trauma-related emotions and beliefs, relaxation exercises, and psychoeducation. Notably, data protection and privacy standards were poor in most apps and only one app (1.4%) was scientifically evaluated in a randomized controlled trial.

          Conclusions: High-quality apps based on established psychological treatment techniques for PTSD are available in commercial app stores. However, users are confronted with great difficulties in identifying useful high-quality apps and most apps lack an evidence-base. Commercial distribution channels do not exploit the potential of apps to complement the psychological treatment of PTSD.

           

          Antecedentes: se han discutido las aplicaciones móviles de salud (apps) para complementar los tratamientos psicológicos tradicionales para el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Sin embargo, se desconoce su uso para la práctica clínica y la calidad de las aplicaciones disponibles.

          Objetivo: evaluar las características generales, bases terapéuticas, contenido y calidad de las aplicaciones para el TEPT y examinar su concordancia con el tratamiento y los métodos de autoayuda establecidos para el TEPT.

          Método: un rastreador web buscó sistemáticamente aplicaciones dirigidas al TEPT en las tiendas británicas Google Play y Apple iTunes. Dos investigadores independientes calificaron las aplicaciones utilizando la Escala de calificación de aplicaciones móviles (ECAM). El contenido de las aplicaciones de alta calidad se verificó para concordancia con el tratamiento psicológico y los métodos de autoayuda extraídos de la literatura actual sobre el tratamiento del TEPT.

          Resultados: De 555 aplicaciones identificadas, 69 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La calidad general de las aplicaciones basándose en el ECAM fue media (M = 3.36, SD = .65). La mayoría de las aplicaciones (50.7%) estaban basadas en Terapia Cognitivo Conductual y ofrecían un amplio rango de contenido, incluyendo métodos de tratamiento psicológico del TEPT establecidos, como procesamiento de emociones y creencias relacionadas con el trauma, ejercicios de relajación y psicoeducación. Digno de notar, los estándares de protección de datos y privacidad fueron deficientes en la mayoría de las aplicaciones y solo una aplicación (1.4%) fue evaluada científicamente en un ensayo controlado aleatorio.

          Conclusiones: las aplicaciones de alta calidad basadas en técnicas de tratamiento psicológico establecidas para el TEPT están disponibles en las App-stores comerciales. Sin embargo, los usuarios se enfrentan a grandes dificultades para identificar aplicaciones de alta calidad útiles y la mayoría de las aplicaciones carecen de una base de evidencia. Los canales de distribución comercial no explotan el potencial de las apps para complementar el tratamiento psicológico del TEPT.

           

          背景: 讨论了移动健康应用程序 (apps), 以补充对创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD) 的传统心理治疗方法。但是, 临床实践的使用和可用应用程序的质量尚不清楚。

          目标: 评估PTSD应用程序的一般特征, 治疗背景, 内容和质量, 并考查其与既定PTSD治疗方法和自助方法的一致性。

          方法: 使用网络爬虫在英国Google Play和Apple iTunes商店中系统地搜索针对PTSD的应用程序。两名独立的研究人员使用《移动应用程序评估量表》 (MARS) 对应用程序进行了评估。考查了高质量应用程序的内容是否与心理治疗和从PTSD治疗现有文献中摘录的自助方法相一致。

          结果: 在555个被识别的应用程序中, 有69个符合纳入标准。基于MARS的总体应用质量为中等 (M = 3.36, SD = .65) 。大多数应用程序 (50.7%) 基于认知行为疗法, 并且提供了广泛的内容, 包括已有的心理PTSD治疗方法, 例如处理与创伤有关的情绪和信念, 放松锻炼和心理教育。值得注意的是, 大多数应用程序中的数据保护和隐私标准都很差, 并且在一项随机对照试验中仅有一个应用程序 (1.4%) 进行了科学评估。

          结论: 基于成熟的PTSD心理治疗技术的高质量应用程序可在商业应用商店中获得。但是, 用户在识别有用的高质量应用程序时面临很大的困难, 并且大多数应用程序都缺乏证据基础。商业发行渠道没有充分开发应用程序的潜能来补充PTSD的心理治疗。

          Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval; ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; M: mean; N: number of sample size; NICE: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; p: probability value; PCL-5: PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PMR: progressive muscle relaxation; PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder; r: correlation coefficient; RCT: randomized control trial; SD: standard deviation; ω: Omega; WMH: World Mental Health

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          Most cited references41

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          Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys

          Background Traumatic events are common globally; however, comprehensive population-based cross-national data on the epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the paradigmatic trauma-related mental disorder, are lacking. Methods Data were analyzed from 26 population surveys in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. A total of 71 083 respondents ages 18+ participated. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed exposure to traumatic events as well as 30-day, 12-month, and lifetime PTSD. Respondents were also assessed for treatment in the 12 months preceding the survey. Age of onset distributions were examined by country income level. Associations of PTSD were examined with country income, world region, and respondent demographics. Results The cross-national lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 3.9% in the total sample and 5.6% among the trauma exposed. Half of respondents with PTSD reported persistent symptoms. Treatment seeking in high-income countries (53.5%) was roughly double that in low-lower middle income (22.8%) and upper-middle income (28.7%) countries. Social disadvantage, including younger age, female sex, being unmarried, being less educated, having lower household income, and being unemployed, was associated with increased risk of lifetime PTSD among the trauma exposed. Conclusions PTSD is prevalent cross-nationally, with half of all global cases being persistent. Only half of those with severe PTSD report receiving any treatment and only a minority receive specialty mental health care. Striking disparities in PTSD treatment exist by country income level. Increasing access to effective treatment, especially in low- and middle-income countries, remains critical for reducing the population burden of PTSD.
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            mHealth for mental health: Integrating smartphone technology in behavioral healthcare.

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              Mobile medical and health apps: state of the art, concerns, regulatory control and certification

              This paper examines the state of the art in mobile clinical and health-related apps. A 2012 estimate puts the number of health-related apps at no fewer than 40,000, as healthcare professionals and consumers continue to express concerns about the quality of many apps, calling for some form of app regulatory control or certification to be put in place. We describe the range of apps on offer as of 2013, and then present a brief survey of evaluation studies of medical and health-related apps that have been conducted to date, covering a range of clinical disciplines and topics. Our survey includes studies that highlighted risks, negative issues and worrying deficiencies in existing apps. We discuss the concept of ‘apps as a medical device’ and the relevant regulatory controls that apply in USA and Europe, offering examples of apps that have been formally approved using these mechanisms. We describe the online Health Apps Library run by the National Health Service in England and the calls for a vetted medical and health app store. We discuss the ingredients for successful apps beyond the rather narrow definition of ‘apps as a medical device’. These ingredients cover app content quality, usability, the need to match apps to consumers’ general and health literacy levels, device connectivity standards (for apps that connect to glucometers, blood pressure monitors, etc.), as well as app security and user privacy. ‘Happtique Health App Certification Program’ (HACP), a voluntary app certification scheme, successfully captures most of these desiderata, but is solely focused on apps targeting the US market. HACP, while very welcome, is in ways reminiscent of the early days of the Web, when many “similar” quality benchmarking tools and codes of conduct for information publishers were proposed to appraise and rate online medical and health information. It is probably impossible to rate and police every app on offer today, much like in those early days of the Web, when people quickly realised the same regarding informational Web pages. The best first line of defence was, is, and will always be to educate consumers regarding the potentially harmful content of (some) apps.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                ZEPT
                zept20
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                2020
                9 January 2020
                : 11
                : 1
                : 1701788
                Affiliations
                [a ]Institute of Psychology, Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Psychotherapy, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany
                [b ]Institute of Psychology and Education, Department of Psychological Research Methods, Ulm University , Ulm, Germany
                [c ]Institute of Psychology and Education, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University , Ulm, Germany
                [d ]Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
                Author notes
                CONTACT Lasse Bosse Sander lasse.sander@ 123456psychologie.uni-freiburg.de Institute of Psychology, Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Psychotherapy, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg , Engelbergerstr. 41, Freiburg D-79085, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4222-9837
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8990-8995
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4091-5048
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4889-1274
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1522-785X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2040-661X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6100-8354
                Article
                1701788
                10.1080/20008198.2019.1701788
                6968629
                32002136
                014830c4-d3e5-4068-b958-f10a477e24df
                © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 01 September 2019
                : 12 November 2019
                : 12 November 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, References: 70, Pages: 17
                Funding
                Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 10.13039/501100001659
                Award ID: Open Access Fund
                This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. The article processing charge was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg in the funding programme Open Access Publishing.
                Categories
                Review Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd),apps,ehealth,mobile health,review,trastorno de estrés postraumático (tept),aplicaciones (apps),esalud,salud móvil,revisión,创伤后应激障碍 (ptsd),应用程序,电子卫生保健,移动健康,综述,• the use of mobile health applications (apps) in clinical practice is linked with difficulties due to an unregulated commercial market not bound to standards in quality, data protection and privacy.• 69 apps for post-traumatic stress disorder were identified in a systematic search and rated in a standardized form.• high-quality apps were found to offer a wide range of functionalities, including established treatment and self-help methods, but mostly lack an evidence-base.

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