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      Las micorrizas como una herramienta para la restauración ecológica Translated title: Mycorrhizas as a tool for ecological restoration

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Las micorrizas son asociaciones simbióticas entre los hongos micorrízicos y las raíces de las plantas. La planta intercambia fotosintetatos por nutrientes, que el hongo obtiene del suelo, como nitrógeno y fósforo. Las plantas micorrizadas son más resistentes a la infección por patógenos, toleran mejor el estrés, y además promueven la conservación del suelo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar aspectos generales del manejo de la simbiosis micorrízica de especies nativas de México, con el fin de usarlas como una herramienta potencial para la recuperación de suelos. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de 140 artículos publicados entre los años 1984 y 2019. Se seleccionaron trabajos realizados en México con especies nativas y con información sobre los diferentes métodos de inoculación, y aquellos con conceptos ecológicos importantes. Las bases de datos bibliográficos consultadas fueron Scopus, Web of Science, Crop Protection Compendium Database, Forest Science Database, PubMed y SciELO. Para la búsqueda se utilizaron las siguientes palabras clave: “mycorrhizae”, “endo and ectomycorrhizae”, “ectomycorrhizae and Pinus”, “ectomycorrhizae and Quercus”, “mycorrhizae inoculation”, “ectomycorrhiza and ecological restoration” y “ectomycorrhiza and Mexico”. También se revisaron protocolos de investigación, tesis o patentes relacionadas. Resultados clave: Los resultados del análisis de la literatura revisada se estructuraron y se discutieron en seis apartados, incluyendo características generales de la asociación micorrizica, métodos generales de inoculación, complejidad simbiótica, impactos de la micorrización en la restauración de bosques templados, aspectos importantes para el establecimiento de la simbiosis, ejemplos de la utilización de hongos ectomicorrizicos y micorrizas arbusculares en bosques templados. Conclusiones: La presente revisión subraya la importancia de ahondar en el conocimiento y el potencial que tienen las asociaciones micorrízicas para ser utilizadas en programas de rehabilitación, y/o recuperación ecológica de zonas templadas afectadas o deforestadas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Background and Aims: Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between mycorrhiza fungi and plant roots. The plant interchanges photosynthates for nutrients, which the fungus obtains from the soil, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Mycorrhizae plants are more resistant to infection by pathogens, tolerate stress better, and also promote soil conservation. The main purpose of this work was to analyze the general aspects of mycorrhizal symbiosis of species native to Mexico, to be used as a tool for soil recovery Methods: A comprehensive review of 140 original articles, experimental and synthesis papers published between 1984 and 2019 was carried out. Studies performed in Mexico with native species and with information on the different inoculation methods reported, and with ecological relevance were selected. The databases searched were Scopus, Web of Science, Crop Protection Compendium Database, Forest Science Database, PubMed and SciELO. Keywords were: "mycorrhizae", "endo and ectomycorrhizae", "ectomycorrhizaes and Pinus", "ectomycorrhizae and Quercus", "mycorrhizae inoculation", "ectomycorrhizae and ecological restoration", and “ectomycorrhiza and Mexico”. Related research protocols, thesis, or patents were searched. Key results: The results of the literature review were structured and discussed in six sections, including general characteristics of the mycorrizal association, general methods of inoculation, symbiotic complex, impact of mycorrization in temperate ecosystems restauration, important aspects for the symbiosis establishment, as well as some examples of ectomycorrizhae and arbuscular mycorrizhal fungi in temperate forest. Conclusions: This review highlights the importance of deepening the knowledge of the potential that mycorrhizal association have as a tool in ecological rehabilitation and recuperation of deforestated and perturbed temperate zones.

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          Most cited references147

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          Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

          Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form mutualistic, symbiotic associations with the roots of more than 80% of land plants. The fungi are incapable of completing their life cycle in the absence of a host root. Their spores can germinate and grow in the absence of a host, but their hyphal growth is very limited. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that govern signalling and recognition between AM fungi and their host plants. In one of the first stages of host recognition, the hyphae of AM fungi show extensive branching in the vicinity of host roots before formation of the appressorium, the structure used to penetrate the plant root. Host roots are known to release signalling molecules that trigger hyphal branching, but these branching factors have not been isolated. Here we have isolated a branching factor from the root exudates of Lotus japonicus and used spectroscopic analysis and chemical synthesis to identify it as a strigolactone, 5-deoxy-strigol. Strigolactones are a group of sesquiterpene lactones, previously isolated as seed-germination stimulants for the parasitic weeds Striga and Orobanche. The natural strigolactones 5-deoxy-strigol, sorgolactone and strigol, and a synthetic analogue, GR24, induced extensive hyphal branching in germinating spores of the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita at very low concentrations.
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            Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems - a journey towards relevance?

            Progress towards understanding the extent to which mycorrhizal fungi are involved in the mobilization of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from natural substrates is reviewed here. While mycorrhiza research has emphasized the role of the symbiosis in facilitation of capture of these nutrients in ionic form, attention has shifted since the mid-1980s to analysing the mycorrhizal fungal abilities to release N and P from the detrital materials of microbial faunal and plant origins, which are the primary sources of these elements in terrestrial ecosystems. Ericoid, and some ectomycorrhizal fungi have the potential to be directly involved in attack both on structural polymers, which may render nutrients inaccessible, and in mobilization of N and P from the organic polymers in which they are sequestered. The advantages to the plant of achieving intervention in the microbial mobilization-immobilization cycles are stressed. While the new approaches may initially lack the precision achieved in studies of readily characterized ionic forms of N and P, they do provide insights of greater ecological relevance. The results support the hypothesis that selection has favoured ericoid and ectomycorrhizal systems with well developed saprotrophic capabilities in those ecosystems characterized by retention of N and P as organic complexes in the soil. The need for further investigation of the abilities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to intervene in nutrient mobilization processes is stressed.
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              Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future.

              Almost all land plants form symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi. These below-ground fungi play a key role in terrestrial ecosystems as they regulate nutrient and carbon cycles, and influence soil structure and ecosystem multifunctionality. Up to 80% of plant N and P is provided by mycorrhizal fungi and many plant species depend on these symbionts for growth and survival. Estimates suggest that there are c. 50 000 fungal species that form mycorrhizal associations with c. 250 000 plant species. The development of high-throughput molecular tools has helped us to better understand the biology, evolution, and biodiversity of mycorrhizal associations. Nuclear genome assemblies and gene annotations of 33 mycorrhizal fungal species are now available providing fascinating opportunities to deepen our understanding of the mycorrhizal lifestyle, the metabolic capabilities of these plant symbionts, the molecular dialogue between symbionts, and evolutionary adaptations across a range of mycorrhizal associations. Large-scale molecular surveys have provided novel insights into the diversity, spatial and temporal dynamics of mycorrhizal fungal communities. At the ecological level, network theory makes it possible to analyze interactions between plant-fungal partners as complex underground multi-species networks. Our analysis suggests that nestedness, modularity and specificity of mycorrhizal networks vary and depend on mycorrhizal type. Mechanistic models explaining partner choice, resource exchange, and coevolution in mycorrhizal associations have been developed and are being tested. This review ends with major frontiers for further research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                abm
                Acta botánica mexicana
                Act. Bot. Mex
                Instituto de Ecología A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío (Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico )
                0187-7151
                2448-7589
                2022
                : 129
                : e1932
                Affiliations
                [1] Morelia orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Mexico
                [2] Coyoacán orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Instituto de Ecología orgdiv2Departamento de Ecología Funcional Mexico
                Article
                S0187-71512022000100200 S0187-7151(22)00012900200
                10.21829/abm129.2022.1932
                00c6a045-1370-47f1-9f32-ac458f404cc7

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 May 2022
                : 16 July 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 147, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos de revisión

                ectomicorrizas,micorriza arbuscular,producción de inóculo,recuperación ecológica,arbuscular mycorrhiza,ecological recovery,ectomycorrhiza,inoculum production

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