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      Yellow fever vaccine and risk of developing serious adverse events: a systematic review Translated title: Vacuna antiamarílica y riesgo de eventos adversos graves: revisión sistemática Translated title: Vacina contra febre amarela e risco de eventos adversos graves: revisão sistemática

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective

          To evaluate contraindications and precautions for the yellow fever vaccine (YFV) in risk populations.

          Methods

          A literature review was conducted by searching PubMed for “yellow fever vaccine” and “adverse events” (AEs); 207 studies were found, and 43 of them met the inclusion criteria and were included in a systematic review.

          Results

          The results for first dose of YFV in elderly patients were conflicting—some showed AEs while some showed benefits. Therefore, precaution and case-by-case decisionmaking for YFV in this population are advised. The same precautions are warranted for YFV in infants 6-8 months, with the vaccine contraindicated in those < 6 months old and safe after 9 months of age. YFV seems safe in the first trimester of pregnancy, and probably throughout gestation, as it was not associated with increased malformations. During breastfeeding, YFV continues to be controversial. The vaccine seems safe in people being treated with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive therapy, people with immunosuppressive diseases, and solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients; in stem cell transplants, however, a booster dose should only be applied once immunity is recovered. HlV-infected patients with a CD4+ count > 200 cells/mm 3 do not have increased risk of AEs from YFV. Egg allergy vaccination protocols seem to provide a safe way to immunize these patients.

          Conclusions

          YFV safety has been confirmed based on data from many vaccination campaigns and multiple studies. AEs seem more frequent after a first-time dose, mainly in risk groups, but this review evaluated YFV in several of the same risk groups and the vaccine was found to be safe in most of them.

          RESUMEN

          Objetivos

          Evaluar las contraindicaciones y precauciones en relación con la vacuna antiamarílica en los grupos de riesgo.

          Métodos

          Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica mediante una búsqueda de los términos “yellow fever vaccine” [vacuna antiamarílica] y “adverse events” [eventos adversos] en PubMed; se encontraron 207 estudios, 43 de los cuales cumplían los criterios de inclusión para formar parte de la revisión sistemática.

          Resultados

          Los resultados de la primera dosis de la vacuna antiamarílica en adultos mayores fueron contradictorios: en algunos se observaron eventos adversos y en otros, beneficios. Por lo tanto, se recomienda precaución y que la decisión de suministrar la vacuna a este grupo se tome caso por caso. Las mismas precauciones se justifican en los lactantes de 6 a 8 meses; se considera contraindicada en los menores de 6 meses y segura en los mayores de 9 meses. La vacuna antiamarílica parece segura en el primer trimestre del embarazo y probablemente durante toda la gestación, pues no se asoció con un aumento de malformaciones. Durante la lactancia, su uso también es controvertido. Parece segura en personas con tratamiento inmunomodulador o inmunosupresor, personas con enfermedades inmunosupresoras y pacientes con trasplante de visceras macizas y células madre hematopoyéticas; sin embargo, en los trasplantes de células madre solo se debe aplicar una dosis de refuerzo una vez que se recupere la inmunidad. En los pacientes con infección por el VIH con un recuento de células CD4+ superior a 200 células/mm 3 no se produjo un aumento del riesgo de eventos adversos por la vacuna antiamarílica. Los protocolos de vacunación contra la alergia al huevo parecen proporcionar una forma segura de vacunar a estos pacientes.

          Conclusiones

          La seguridad de la vacuna antiamarílica se ha confirmado sobre la base de muchas campañas de vacunación y múltiples estudios. Los eventos adversos parecen ser más frecuentes después de la dosis inicial, principalmente en los grupos de riesgo. No obstante, en esta revisión se evaluó la vacuna antiamarílica en varios grupos de riesgo y se encontró que es segura en la mayoría de ellos.

          RESUMO

          Objetivos

          Avaliar contraindicações e precauções para a vacina contra febre amarela em populações de risco.

          Métodos

          Foi conduzida uma revisão da literatura com uma busca na base de dados PubMed dos termos “vacina contra febre amarela” e “eventos adversos” (EAs). Foram encontrados 207 estudos, sendo que 43 satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão e foram incluídos na revisão sistemática.

          Resultados

          Os resultados para a primeira dose da vacina contra febre amarela em pacientes idosos foram conflitantes, alguns estudos demonstraram EAs enquanto outros demonstraram benefícios. Recomenda-se precaução e avalição caso a caso ao se decidir por vacinar este grupo da população. As mesmas precauções se justificam quanto à vacinação de bebês entre 6 e 8 meses de idade, sendo contraindicada antes dos 6 meses e segura após os 9 meses. A vacina parece ser segura para ser administrada no primeiro trimestre de gestação e provavelmente ao longo de toda a gestação, porque não se verificou associação com aumento da ocorrência de malformações congénitas. A vacinação de mulheres lactantes é ainda controversa. A vacina parece segura para ser administrada em indivíduos em uso de imunomoduladores ou imunossupressores, portadores de doenças imunossupressoras e pacientes submetidos a transplantes de células-tronco hematopoiéticas e de órgãos sólidos. No caso do transplante de células-tronco, a dose de reforço da vacina só deve ser aplicada após ser recuperada a imunidade. Pacientes infectados pelo HIV com contagem de CD4+ >200 células/mm 3 não têm um risco maior de EAs com a vacina. Seguir os protocolos de vacinação nos casos de alergia à proteína do ovo é uma forma segura de imunizar esses indivíduos.

          Conclusões

          A segurança da vacina contra febre amarela foi confirmada a partir de dados obtidos em campanhas de vacinação e vários estudos. Parece que os EAs ocorrem com maior frequência com a vacinação pela primeira vez, principalmente nos grupos de risco. Porém, esta revisão analisou a vacina em vários grupos de risco e verificou ser segura para a maioria destes grupos.

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          Most cited references56

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          Yellow fever: epidemiology and prevention.

          Yellow fever continues to occur in regions of Africa and South America, despite the availability of effective vaccines. Recently, some cases of severe neurologic disease and multiorgan system disease have been described in individuals who received yellow fever vaccine. These events have focused attention on the need to define criteria for judicious use of yellow fever vaccine and to describe the spectrum of adverse events that may be associated with yellow fever vaccine. Describing host factors that would increase risk of these events and identifying potential treatment modalities for yellow fever and yellow fever vaccine-associated adverse events are subjects of intense investigation.
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            17DD yellow fever vaccine

            Objective: To verify if the Bio-Manguinhos 17DD yellow fever vaccine (17DD-YFV) used in lower doses is as immunogenic and safe as the current formulation. Results : Doses from 27,476 IU to 587 IU induced similar seroconversion rates and neutralizing antibodies geometric mean titers (GMTs). Immunity of those who seroconverted to YF was maintained for 10 mo. Reactogenicity was low for all groups. Methods : Young and healthy adult males (n = 900) were recruited and randomized into 6 groups, to receive de-escalating doses of 17DD-YFV, from 27,476 IU to 31 IU. Blood samples were collected before vaccination (for neutralization tests to yellow fever, serology for dengue and clinical chemistry), 3 to 7 d after vaccination (for viremia and clinical chemistry) and 30 d after vaccination (for new yellow fever serology and clinical chemistry). Adverse events diaries were filled out by volunteers during 10 d after vaccination. Volunteers were retested for yellow fever and dengue antibodies 10 mo later. Seropositivity for dengue was found in 87.6% of volunteers before vaccination, but this had no significant influence on conclusions. Conclusion: In young healthy adults Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz yellow fever vaccine can be used in much lower doses than usual. International Register ISRCTN 38082350.
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              Yellow fever vaccination and increased relapse rate in travelers with multiple sclerosis.

              To investigate the effect of yellow fever (YF) immunization on the subsequent multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse risk. Self-controlled case series study. An MS outpatient clinic. Seven patients with clinical relapsing-remitting MS traveling to endemic YF areas who received the YF 17D-204 vaccine were studied. The YF 17D-204 vaccine. Number of relapses. Secondary outcomes included the number of new lesions on magnetic resonance imaging and peripheral mononuclear cell cytokine and chemokine production. The annual exacerbation rate during risk periods following immunization was 8.57, while the relapse rate outside the risk period was only 0.67 (rate ratio = 12.778; P < .001). Three months after immunization, patients showed a significant increase in new or enlarging T2-weighted lesions and gadolinium-enhancing lesions compared with 12 months prior to vaccination and 9 months after immunization (both P < .001). Moreover, blood myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein responses showed significant increases in interferon γ-induced protein 10 kDa-, interferon γ-, interleukin 1α-, interleukin 1β-, and tumor necrosis factor-secreting cell numbers as well as complement component C1qB production after YF vaccination in patients with MS compared with unvaccinated patients with MS, patients with MS vaccinated against influenza, and healthy control subjects (P = .01 and P < .001, respectively). For patients with MS traveling to endemic YF areas, vaccination should be recommended on the basis of carefully weighing the risk of exacerbation against the likelihood of exposure to the YF virus.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Rev. Panam. Salud Publica
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                05 June 2018
                2018
                : 42
                : e75
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
                Author notes
                Send correspondence to: Eduardo H. Gotuzzo, eduardo.gotuzzo@ 123456upch.pe

                Conflicts of interest. None.

                Article
                RPSP.2018.75
                10.26633/RPSP.2018.75
                6386100
                31093103
                00975291-e29b-4418-a7a1-dd171f023218

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. No modifications or commercial use of this article are permitted. In any reproduction of this article there should not be any suggestion that PAHO or this article endorse any specific organization or products. The use of the PAHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.

                History
                : 16 May 2017
                : 11 August 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 58
                Categories
                Systematic Review

                yellow fever,yellow fever vaccine,drug-related side effects and adverse reactions,risk groups,systematic review,fiebre amarilla,vacuna contra la fiebre amarilla,efectos colaterales y reacciones adversas relacionados con medicamentos,grupos de riesgo,revisión sistematica,febre amarela,vacina contra febre amarela,efeitos colaterais e reações adversas relacionados a medicamentos,grupos de risco,revisão sistemática

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