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      Distant Colonies and Explosive Collapse: The Two Stages of the Tiwanaku Diaspora in the Osmore Drainage

      Latin American Antiquity
      JSTOR

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          Abstract

          The geographic expansion of Tiwanaku people and culture (cal A.D. 500–1150) in the south-central Andes can be viewed as a two-staged diaspora. This article defines and categorizes diasporas, suggests archaeological correlates and theoretical implications, and reconstructs the Tiwanaku diaspora. The first stage was a colonizing diaspora in the context of the functioning Tiwanaku state, limited to a few mid-elevation places such as the middle Osmore drainage near Moquegua and probably Cochabamba. The second stage was a much more extensive victim/refugee diaspora driven by the violent disintegration of the colonies around A.D. 1000, in conjunction with either the collapse of Tiwanaku or its radical reorientation by a militaristic elite. Second-stage diaspora populations that settled in sparsely populated areas such as the upper Osmore drainage or the Carumas–Calacoa region established dispersed, small, defensible villages. Those that settled among a larger or more established host population such as the Chiribaya in the coastal Osmore Valley integrated as a marked, lower-status minority. This explosive collapse suggests that Tiwanaku was composed of multiple groups whose differing interests could not be contained. Supporting evidence is drawn primarily from the Osmore drainage, especially the coastal segment.

          Abstract

          Se puede ver la extensión geográfica de la gente y cultura Tiwanaku (500–1150 d.C.) en los Andes sur-centrales como una diáspora de dos etapas. Este artículo define y clasifica diásporas, sugiera correlativos arqueológicos y consecuencias teóricas, y reconstruye la diáspora Tiwanakota. La primera etapa fue una diáspora colonizadora, en el contexto del estado Tiwanaku en marcha. Esta fue limitada a unos sitios de altura intermedia, como la cuenca media del Osmore cerca a Moquegua, y probablemente Cochabamba. La segunda etapa fue una diáspora mucho más extensa, del tipo víctima/refugiado. Fue impulsada por la desintegración violenta de las colonias alrededor de 1000 d.C., contemporáneo con el colapso de Tiwanaku o su reorientación radical por un élite militar. Poblaciones de la segunda etapa que se asentaron en áreas poco pobladas, como la cuenca superior del Osmore o la región de Carumas-Calacoa, establecieron aldeas pequeñas, dispersas, y defendibles. Los que se asentaron entre una población mayor o mejor establecida, como los Chiribaya en el Osmore costero, integraron como una minoría marcada, de menor estatus. Este colapso explosivo sugiere que Tiwanaku era compuesto de grupos múltiples cuyos intereses diversos no podían ser contenidos. Datos en apoyo provienen principalmente de la cuenca Osmore, especialmente el Osmore costero.

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          The operated Markov´s chains in economy (discrete chains of Markov with the income)

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            INTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 24,000–0 cal BP

            The focus of this paper is the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages for the interval 24,000–0 cal BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950), based upon a sample set of dendrochronologically dated tree rings, uranium-thorium dated corals, and varve-counted marine sediment. The14C age–cal age information, produced by many laboratories, is converted to Δ14C profiles and calibration curves, for the atmosphere as well as the oceans. We discuss offsets in measuredl4C ages and the errors therein, regional14C age differences, tree–coral14C age comparisons and the time dependence of marine reservoir ages, and evaluate decadalvs. single-year14C results. Changes in oceanic deepwater circulation, especially for the 16,000–11,000 cal BP interval, are reflected in the Δ14C values of INTCAL98.
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              Global diasporas

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Latin American Antiquity
                Latin Am. antiq.
                JSTOR
                1045-6635
                2325-5080
                March 2005
                January 20 2017
                March 2005
                : 16
                : 1
                : 45-80
                Article
                10.2307/30042486
                2848c8ec-2bbe-480c-a810-8648348b400f
                © 2005

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