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      The biological pathways of Alzheimer disease: a review.

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          Abstract

          Alzheimer disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, mainly affecting older people, which severely impairs patients' quality of life. In the recent years, the number of affected individuals has seen a rapid increase. It is estimated that up to 107 million subjects will be affected by 2050 worldwide. Research in this area has revealed a lot about the biological and environmental underpinnings of Alzheimer, especially its correlation with β-Amyloid and Tau related mechanics; however, the precise molecular events and biological pathways behind the disease are yet to be discovered. In this review, we focus our attention on the biological mechanics that may lie behind Alzheimer development. In particular, we briefly describe the genetic elements and discuss about specific biological processes potentially associated with the disease.

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          Most cited references424

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          The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease

          Guy M McKhann, David S. Knopman, Howard Chertkow … (2011)
          The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association charged a workgroup with the task of revising the 1984 criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. The workgroup sought to ensure that the revised criteria would be flexible enough to be used by both general healthcare providers without access to neuropsychological testing, advanced imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid measures, and specialized investigators involved in research or in clinical trial studies who would have these tools available. We present criteria for all-cause dementia and for AD dementia. We retained the general framework of probable AD dementia from the 1984 criteria. On the basis of the past 27 years of experience, we made several changes in the clinical criteria for the diagnosis. We also retained the term possible AD dementia, but redefined it in a manner more focused than before. Biomarker evidence was also integrated into the diagnostic formulations for probable and possible AD dementia for use in research settings. The core clinical criteria for AD dementia will continue to be the cornerstone of the diagnosis in clinical practice, but biomarker evidence is expected to enhance the pathophysiological specificity of the diagnosis of AD dementia. Much work lies ahead for validating the biomarker diagnosis of AD dementia. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Inc.
          Article 0 comments Cited 2915 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia

            Shane Liddelow, Kevin A. Guttenplan, Laura Clarke … (2017)
            A reactive astrocyte subtype termed A1 is induced after injury or disease of the central nervous system and subsequently promotes the death of neurons and oligodendrocytes.
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              The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease

              Marilyn Albert, Steven Dekosky, Dennis D Dickson … (2011)
              The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association charged a workgroup with the task of developing criteria for the symptomatic predementia phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD), referred to in this article as mild cognitive impairment due to AD. The workgroup developed the following two sets of criteria: (1) core clinical criteria that could be used by healthcare providers without access to advanced imaging techniques or cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and (2) research criteria that could be used in clinical research settings, including clinical trials. The second set of criteria incorporate the use of biomarkers based on imaging and cerebrospinal fluid measures. The final set of criteria for mild cognitive impairment due to AD has four levels of certainty, depending on the presence and nature of the biomarker findings. Considerable work is needed to validate the criteria that use biomarkers and to standardize biomarker analysis for use in community settings. Copyright © 2011 The Alzheimer's Association. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): AIMS Neurosci
                Title: AIMS neuroscience
                Publisher: American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)
                ISSN (Electronic): 2373-7972
                ISSN (Print): 2373-8006
                Publication date (Electronic): 2021
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 1
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: neurosci-08-01-005
                DOI: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2021005
                PMC ID: 7815481
                PubMed ID: 33490374
                SO-VID: 62106c3e-6fc3-4c89-8e72-11403c038cce
                History

                Keywords: oxidative stress,Alzheimer disease,biological pathways,immune system
                Data availability:
                Keywords: oxidative stress, Alzheimer disease, biological pathways, immune system

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