The Central Roles of Keratinocytes in Coordinating Skin Immunity.

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Abstract

The function of keratinocytes (KCs) to form a barrier and produce cytokines is well-known, but recent progress has revealed many different roles for KCs in regulation of skin immunity. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of how KCs communicate with microbes, immunocytes, neurons, and other cells to form an effective immune barrier. We catalog the large list of genes and metabolites of KCs that participate in host defense and discuss the mechanisms of immune crosstalk, addressing how KCs simultaneously form a physical barrier, communicate with fibroblasts, and control immune signals. Overall, the signals sent and received by KCs are an exciting group of therapeutic targets to explore in the treatment of dermatologic disorders.

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Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria.

V Brinkmann (2004)

Neutrophils engulf and kill bacteria when their antimicrobial granules fuse with the phagosome. Here, we describe that, upon activation, neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatin that together form extracellular fibers that bind Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. These neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) degrade virulence factors and kill bacteria. NETs are abundant in vivo in experimental dysentery and spontaneous human appendicitis, two examples of acute inflammation. NETs appear to be a form of innate response that binds microorganisms, prevents them from spreading, and ensures a high local concentration of antimicrobial agents to degrade virulence factors and kill bacteria.

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Differential Roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in Recognition of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall Components

Osamu Takeuchi, Katsuaki Hoshino, Taro Kawai … (1999)

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 are implicated in the recognition of various bacterial cell wall components, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To investigate in vivo roles of TLR2, we generated TLR2-deficient mice. In contrast to LPS unresponsiveness in TLR4-deficient mice, TLR2-deficient mice responded to LPS to the same extent as wild-type mice. TLR2-deficient macrophages were hyporesponsive to several Gram-positive bacterial cell walls as well as Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan. TLR4-deficient macrophages lacked the response to Gram-positive lipoteichoic acids. These results demonstrate that TLR2 and TLR4 recognize different bacterial cell wall components in vivo and TLR2 plays a major role in Gram-positive bacterial recognition.

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Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome.

Elizabeth Grice, Heidi Kong, Sean Conlan … (2009)

Human skin is a large, heterogeneous organ that protects the body from pathogens while sustaining microorganisms that influence human health and disease. Our analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences obtained from 20 distinct skin sites of healthy humans revealed that physiologically comparable sites harbor similar bacterial communities. The complexity and stability of the microbial community are dependent on the specific characteristics of the skin site. This topographical and temporal survey provides a baseline for studies that examine the role of bacterial communities in disease states and the microbial interdependencies required to maintain healthy skin.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Invest Dermatol

Title: The Journal of investigative dermatology

Publisher: Elsevier BV

ISSN (Electronic): 1523-1747

ISSN (Print): 0022-202X

Publication date (Electronic): Nov 2024

Volume: 144

Issue: 11

Affiliations

[1 ] Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.

[2 ] Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. Electronic address: rgallo@health.ucsd.edu.

Article

Publisher Item ID: S0022-202X(24)01882-7

DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.06.1280

PubMed ID: 39115524

SO-VID: ab01b20a-050b-4dff-a8a7-b05c21828581

History

Keywords: ILs,Inflammation,Cytokines,Epidermis,Microbiome

Data availability:

Keywords: ILs, Inflammation, Cytokines, Epidermis, Microbiome

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The Central Roles of Keratinocytes in Coordinating Skin Immunity.

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Most cited references 432

Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria.

Differential Roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in Recognition of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall Components

Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome.

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