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      Global Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus Complex

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          Abstract

          Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex is the most commonly identified species in the genus Acinetobacter and it accounts for a large percentage of nosocomial infections, including bacteremia, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and urinary tract. A few key clones of A. baumannii-calcoaceticus are currently responsible for the dissemination of these organisms worldwide. Unfortunately, multidrug resistance is a common trait among these clones due to their unrivalled adaptive nature. A. baumannii-calcoaceticus isolates can accumulate resistance traits by a plethora of mechanisms, including horizontal gene transfer, natural transformation, acquisition of mutations, and mobilization of genetic elements that modulate expression of intrinsic and acquired genes.

          Abstract

          Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex (ABC) became an important group of organisms causing human infections worldwide. A small number of clones are responsible for the increased number of infections and resistance to numerous antimicrobial agents. We describe the current epidemiology and resistance mechanisms in ABC.

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          Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis

          Lawrence D. Kerr, Souha Kanj, Timothy Jinks … (2018)
          The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a substantial threat to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to its large public health and societal implications, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis has been long regarded by WHO as a global priority for investment in new drugs. In 2016, WHO was requested by member states to create a priority list of other antibiotic-resistant bacteria to support research and development of effective drugs.
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            Acinetobacter baumannii: emergence of a successful pathogen.

            Anton Peleg, Harald Seifert, David L. Paterson (2008)
            Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a highly troublesome pathogen for many institutions globally. As a consequence of its immense ability to acquire or upregulate antibiotic drug resistance determinants, it has justifiably been propelled to the forefront of scientific attention. Apart from its predilection for the seriously ill within intensive care units, A. baumannii has more recently caused a range of infectious syndromes in military personnel injured in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts. This review details the significant advances that have been made in our understanding of this remarkable organism over the last 10 years, including current taxonomy and species identification, issues with susceptibility testing, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, global epidemiology, clinical impact of infection, host-pathogen interactions, and infection control and therapeutic considerations.
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              Plasmids and the spread of resistance.

              Alessandra Carattoli (2013)
              Plasmids represent one of the most difficult challenge for counteracting the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. They contribute to the spread of relevant resistance determinants, promoting horizontal gene transfer among unrelated bacteria. Undistinguishable plasmids were identified in unrelated bacterial strains isolated at huge geographically distant area, with no apparent epidemiological links. These plasmids belong to families that are largely prevalent in naturally occurring bacteria, usually carry multiple physically linked genetic determinants, conferring resistance to different classes of antibiotics simultaneously. Plasmids also harbour virulence factors and addiction systems, promoting their stability and maintenance in the bacterial host, in different environmental conditions. The characteristics of the most successful plasmids that were at the origin of the spread of carbapenemase, expanded-spectrum β-lactamase, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes are discussed in this review. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mariana Castanheira:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-1782
                Rodrigo E Mendes
                Ana C Gales
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin Infect Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): cid
                Title: Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
                Publisher: Oxford University Press (US )
                ISSN (Print): 1058-4838
                ISSN (Electronic): 1537-6591
                Publication date Collection: 01 May 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 May 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 01 May 2023
                Volume: 76
                Issue: Suppl 2 , Sulbactam-durlobactam, a Targeted β-lactam/β-lactamase Inhibitor, for MDR Acinetobacter
                Pages: S166-S178
                Affiliations
                JMI Laboratories , North Liberty, Iowa, USA
                JMI Laboratories , North Liberty, Iowa, USA
                Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes
                Correspondence: M. Castanheira, JMI Laboratories, 345 Beaver Kreek Centre, Suite A, North Liberty, IA 52317 ( mariana-castanheira@ 123456jmilabs.com ).

                Potential conflicts of interest . A. C. G. has been partially supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq; process number: 312066/2019-8). A. C. G. has recently received research funding and/or consultation fees from bioMérieux, Eurofarma, Merck & Co, Inc, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, and United Medical. M. C. and R. E. M are employees of JMI Laboratories, which was contracted to perform services in 2022 for AbbVie, Inc; AimMax Therapeutics; Amicrobe, Inc; Appili Therapeutics; Armata Pharmaceuticals; Astellas Pharma, Inc; Basilea Pharmaceutica AG; Becton, Dickinson and Company; bioMérieux; Biosergen AB; Bugworks; Cerba Research NV; Cidara Therapeutics; Cipla USA, Inc; ContraFect Corporation; CorMedix, Inc; Crestone, Inc; Curza Global, LLC; Diamond V; Discuva Ltd; Entasis Therapeutics; Enveda Biosciences; Evopoint Biosciences; Fedora Pharmaceuticals; Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center; Genentech; Gilead Sciences, Inc; GSK plc; Institute for Clinical Pharmacodynamics; Iterum Therapeutics plc; Janssen Biopharma; Johnson & Johnson; Kaleido Biosciences; LifeMine Therapeutics; Medpace, Inc; Lysovant Sciences, Inc; Meiji Seika Pharma; Melinta Therapeutics; Menarini Group; Merck & Co; MicuRx Pharmaceutical, Inc; Mundipharma International Ltd; Mutabilis; Nabriva Therapeutics; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Ohio State University; Omnix Medical Ltd; Paratek Pharmaceuticals; Pfizer; PolyPid Ltd; PPD; Prokaryotics, Inc; Pulmocide Ltd; Qpex Biopharma; Revagenix; Roche Holding AG; Roivant Sciences; Scynexis, Inc; SeLux Diagnostics; Shionogi & Co, Ltd; Sinovent Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Spero Therapeutics; Sumitovant Biopharma, Inc; TenNor Therapeutics; ThermoFisher Scientific; US Food and Drug Administration; VenatoRx Pharmaceuticals; Washington University; Watershed Medical, LLC; Wockhardt; and Zoetis, Inc. All other authors report no potential conflicts.

                All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-1782
                Article
                Publisher ID: ciad109
                DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad109
                PMC ID: 10150277
                PubMed ID: 37125466
                SO-VID: 40b2e4bf-7f13-4a62-ad1d-85884075a9b3
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: Entasis Therapeutics, doi 10.13039/100017639;
                Categories
                Subject: SUL-DUR Supplement
                Subject: AcademicSubjects/MED00290

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: epidemiology,resistance mechanisms,international clones, a. baumannii-calcoaceticus complex
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: epidemiology, resistance mechanisms, international clones, a. baumannii-calcoaceticus complex

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