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      Influências da reposição de estrógenos e progestágenos na ação do hormônio de crescimento em mulheres com hipopituitarismo Translated title: The influence of estrogen and progestogen replacement on growth hormone activity in women with hypopituitarism

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          Abstract

          O tratamento do hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico na mulher adulta com hipopituitarismo inclui diversas alternativas terapêuticas de estrógenos e progestágenos, sendo a via oral a de menor custo e a de maior comodidade à paciente. A rota estrogênica oral, entretanto, exerce marcada influência sobre o eixo hormônio de crescimento/fator de crescimento insulina-símile número 1 (GH/IGF-1) nessas mulheres. O tratamento com estrógenos orais, concomitante ao uso de GH em pacientes com hipopituitarismo, antagoniza as ações biológicas do GH e agrava as anormalidades de composição corporal e o metabolismo em geral. Presume-se que o estrógeno oral iniba a secreção/produção de IGF-1 por meio de efeito de primeira passagem hepática, causando aumento da secreção de GH por intermédio de inibição do feedback negativo de IGF-1 em mulheres normais. Isso é demonstrado clinicamente por redução da massa magra, aumento da massa gorda, perfil lipídico aterogênico e prejuízo do bem-estar psicológico. Alguns estudos apontam que os progestágenos com ação androgênica revertem o efeito de diminuição dos níveis séricos de IGF-1 induzida pelos estrógenos orais. Os progestágenos neutros não apresentam esse efeito, porém, quanto maior a potência androgênica, maior será a reversão do efeito de diminuição de IGF-1. Na presente revisão da literatura, serão abordados os aspectos clínicos da reposição com estrógenos e progestágenos nas mulheres com hipopituitarismo, suas interações nas outras deficiências hormonais, bem como o impacto do uso de estrógenos sobre as ações metabólicas do GH.

          Translated abstract

          Treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in adult women with hypopituitarism can include a wide range of estrogen and progestogen treatment alternatives and oral administration is the route of least cost and greatest patient comfort. The oral estrogen route has a major impact on the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I (GH/IGF-1) axis. Oral estrogen therapy, when given concurrently with GH to patients with hypopituitarism, antagonizes the biological effects of GH treatment and aggravates the abnormalities of body composition and the metabolism in general. It is presumed that oral estrogen suppresses the secretion/production of IGF-1 by a hepatic first-pass mechanism, resulting in increased GH secretion by means of suppressing the IGF-1 negative feedback that is present in healthy women. This is clinically manifested in reduced lean body mass, increased fat mass, an atherogenic lipid profile and damage to psychological well-being. Some studies have indicated that progestogens with androgenic actions reverse the effect of reduced serum IGF-1 levels that is induced by the oral estrogens. Neutral progestogens do not exert this effect, however the stronger the androgenic potentialis, the more the effect of reduced IGF-1 will be reversed. This bibliographical review will deal with the clinical aspects of estrogen and progestogen replacement in women with hypopituitarism, their interactions with other hormone deficiencies and the impact of estrogen treatment on the metabolic actions of GH.

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          Most cited references116

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          Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial

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            C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women.

            Since inflammation is believed to have a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular events, measurement of markers of inflammation has been proposed as a method to improve the prediction of the risk of these events. We conducted a prospective, nested case-control study among 28,263 apparently healthy postmenopausal women over a mean follow-up period of three years to assess the risk of cardiovascular events associated with base-line levels of markers of inflammation. The markers included high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), serum amyloid A, interleukin-6, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 (sICAM-1). We also studied homocysteine and a variety of lipid and lipoprotein measurements. Cardiovascular events were defined as death from coronary heart disease, nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke, or the need for coronary-revascularization procedures. Of the 12 markers measured, hs-CRP was the strongest univariate predictor of the risk of cardiovascular events; the relative risk of events for women in the highest as compared with the lowest quartile for this marker was 4.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.2 to 8.9). Other markers significantly associated with the risk of cardiovascular events were serum amyloid A (relative risk for the highest as compared with the lowest quartile, 3.0), sICAM-1 (2.6), interleukin-6 (2.2), homocysteine (2.0), total cholesterol (2.4), LDL cholesterol (2.4), apolipoprotein B-100 (3.4), HDL cholesterol (0.3), and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (3.4). Prediction models that incorporated markers of inflammation in addition to lipids were significantly better at predicting risk than models based on lipid levels alone (P<0.001). The levels of hs-CRP and serum amyloid A were significant predictors of risk even in the subgroup of women with LDL cholesterol levels below 130 mg per deciliter (3.4 mmol per liter), the target for primary prevention established by the National Cholesterol Education Program. In multivariate analyses, the only plasma markers that independently predicted risk were hs-CRP (relative risk for the highest as compared with the lowest quartile, 1.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.1) and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (relative risk, 1.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 1.9). The addition of the measurement of C-reactive protein to screening based on lipid levels may provide an improved method of identifying persons at risk for cardiovascular events.
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              Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men.

              Inflammation may be important in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. We studied whether inflammation increases the risk of a first thrombotic event and whether treatment with aspirin decreases the risk. We measured plasma C-reactive protein, a marker for systemic inflammation, in 543 apparently healthy men participating in the Physicians' Health Study in whom myocardial infarction, stroke, or venous thrombosis subsequently developed, and in 543 study participants who did not report vascular disease during a follow-up period exceeding eight years. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive aspirin or placebo at the beginning of the trial. Base-line plasma C-reactive protein concentrations were higher among men who went on to have myocardial infarction (1.51 vs. 1.13 mg per liter, P<0.001) or ischemic stroke (1.38 vs. 1.13 mg per liter, P=0.02), but not venous thrombosis (1.26 vs. 1.13 mg per liter, P=0.34), than among men without vascular events. The men in the quartile with the highest levels of C-reactive protein values had three times the risk of myocardial infarction (relative risk, 2.9; P<0.001) and two times the risk of ischemic stroke (relative risk, 1.9; P=0.02) of the men in the lowest quartile. Risks were stable over long periods, were not modified by smoking, and were independent of other lipid-related and non-lipid-related risk factors. The use of aspirin was associated with significant reductions in the risk of myocardial infarction (55.7 percent reduction, P=0.02) among men in the highest quartile but with only small, nonsignificant reductions among those in the lowest quartile (13.9 percent, P=0.77). The base-line plasma concentration of C-reactive protein predicts the risk of future myocardial infarction and stroke. Moreover, the reduction associated with the use of aspirin in the risk of a first myocardial infarction appears to be directly related to the level of C-reactive protein, raising the possibility that antiinflammatory agents may have clinical benefits in preventing cardiovascular disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                abem
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
                Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab
                Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1677-9487
                July 2008
                : 52
                : 5
                : 901-916
                Affiliations
                [01] Porto Alegre RS orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas: Endocrinologia Brasil
                Article
                S0004-27302008000500023 S0004-2730(08)05200523
                c8584011-87e7-4078-a58b-37c04d34e137

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 August 2007
                : 10 October 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 119, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Revisões, Artigo Original, Perspectiva

                Progestogens,IGF-1,Hipopituitarismo,IGFBPS,Estrogens,Estrógenos,Progestágenos,IGFBPs,Treatment,Hypopituitarism,Tratamento

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