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      A Systematic Review Assessing Bidirectionality between Sleep Disturbances, Anxiety, and Depression.

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          Abstract

          To investigate whether sleep disturbances are bidirectionally related to anxiety and depression, and thus identify potential risk factors for each problem.

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          Most cited references49

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          Sleep complaints among elderly persons: an epidemiologic study of three communities.

          Daniel Foley, Andrew A. Monjan, S. Lori Brown … (1995)
          The frequencies of five common sleep complaints--trouble falling asleep, waking up, awaking too early, needing to nap and not feeling rested--were assessed in over 9,000 participants aged 65 years and older in the National Institute on Aging's multicentered study entitled "Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly" (EPESE). Less than 20% of the participants in each community rarely or never had any complaints, whereas over half reported at least one of these complaints as occurring most of the time. Between 23% and 34% had symptoms of insomnia, and between 7% and 15% percent rarely or never felt rested after waking up in the morning. In multivariate analyses, sleep complaints were associated with an increasing number of respiratory symptoms, physical disabilities, nonprescription medications, depressive symptoms and poorer self-perceived health. Sleep disturbances, particularly among older persons, oftentimes may be secondary to coexisting diseases. Determining the prevalence of specific sleep disorders, independent of health status, will require the development of more sophisticated and objective measures of sleep disturbances.
          Article 0 comments Cited 287 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Epidemiology of insomnia, depression, and anxiety.

            Daniel Taylor, Kenneth L Lichstein, H Durrence … (2005)
            This study used empirically validated insomnia diagnostic criteria to compare depression and anxiety in people with insomnia and people not having insomnia. We also explored which specific sleep variables were significantly related to depression and anxiety. Finally, we compared depression and anxiety in (1) different insomnia types, (2) Caucasians and African Americans, and (3) genders. All analyses controlled for health variables, demographics, organic sleep disorders, and symptoms of organic sleep disorders. Cross-sectional and retrospective. Community-based sample (N=772) of at least 50 men and 50 women in each 10-year age bracket from 20 to more than 89 years old. Self-report measures of health, sleep, depression, and anxiety. People with insomnia had greater depression and anxiety levels than people not having insomnia and were 9.82 and 17.35 times as likely to have clinically significant depression and anxiety, respectively. Increased insomnia frequency was related to increased depression and anxiety, and increased number of awakenings was also related to increased depression. These were the only 2 sleep variables significantly related to depression and anxiety. People with combined insomnia (ie, both onset and maintenance insomnia) had greater depression than did people with onset, maintenance, or mixed insomnia. There were no differences between other insomnia types. African Americans were 3.43 and 4.8 times more likely to have clinically significant depression and anxiety than Caucasians, respectively. Women had higher levels of depression than men. These results reaffirm the close relationship of insomnia, depression, and anxiety, after rigorously controlling for other potential explanations for the relationship.
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              Prevalence, course, and comorbidity of insomnia and depression in young adults.

              Daniel J. Buysse, Jules Angst, Alex Gamma … (2008)
              (1) To describe the prevalence and prospective course of insomnia in a representative young-adult sample and (2) to describe the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between insomnia and depression. Longitudinal cohort study. Community of Zurich, Switzerland. Representative stratified population sample. None. The Zurich Study prospectively assessed psychiatric, physical, and sleep symptoms in a community sample of young adults (n=591) with 6 interviews spanning 20 years. We distinguished 4 duration-based subtypes of insomnia: 1-month insomnia associated with significant distress, 2- to 3-week insomnia, recurrent brief insomnia, and occasional brief insomnia. The annual prevalence of 1-month insomnia increased gradually over time, with a cumulative prevalence rate of 20% and a greater than 2-fold risk among women. In 40% of subjects, insomnia developed into more chronic forms over time. Insomnia either with or without comorbid depression was highly stable over time. Insomnia lasting 2 weeks or longer predicted major depressive episodes and major depressive disorder at subsequent interviews; 17% to 50% of subjects with insomnia lasting 2 weeks or longer developed a major depressive episode in a later interview. "Pure" insomnia and "pure" depression were not longitudinally related to each other, whereas insomnia comorbid with depression was longitudinally related to both. This longitudinal study confirms the persistent nature of insomnia and the increased risk of subsequent depression among individuals with insomnia. The data support a spectrum of insomnia (defined by duration and frequency) comorbid with, rather than secondary to, depression.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sleep
                Title: Sleep
                ISSN (Electronic): 1550-9109
                ISSN (Print): 0161-8105
                Publication date (Electronic): Jul 1 2013
                Volume: 36
                Issue: 7
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, South Australia.
                Article
                DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2810
                PMC ID: 3669059
                PubMed ID: 23814343
                SO-VID: 6ced03ed-2710-4623-90fd-f9585e02518f
                History

                Keywords: Anxiety,depression,insomnia,sleep disturbances,systematic review
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Anxiety, depression, insomnia, sleep disturbances, systematic review

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