Los factores de resiliencia ante las situaciones traumáticas: Análisis tras los atentados del 11 de marzo en una muestra de pacientes en el CSM de Alcalá de Henares

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Abstract

Introducción: Los atentados del 11M del 2004 en Madrid supusieron un reto para la sanidad madrileña, debido al gran número de afectados y víctimas. Esta demanda fue especialmente visible en el CSM de Alcalá de Henares, que tuvo que hacer frente a gran número de afectados. El objetivo del estudio es conocer a los dos años y medio de los atentados los factores que los pacientes consideran más les han ayudado a la superación de una situación traumática (de resiliencia). Material y Método: Se recogió la población de pacientes que acudieron al CSM con un motivo de consulta en relación a los atentados terroristas, mayores de edad con un periodo de inclusión de 3 meses y medio tras los atentados. La muestra final estaba conformada por 104 pacientes, se contactó entre los meses de febrero y marzo del 2007 telefónicamente para que respondiese a 5 cuestiones entre la que se encontraba la relativa a los factores de resiliencia. Las respuestas se transcribieron literalmente y posteriormente se elaboraron una serie de etiquetas o categorías que englobasen a todas las respuestas. Resultados: De los 104 pacientes se logro contactar con 78 y de ellos 76 accedieron a contestar. El factor de resiliencia más mencionado fue el asociado al entorno sociofamiliar, seguido del tratamiento y en tercer lugar la respuesta individual al trauma y las características propias del individuo, otros factores de resiliencia fueron mencionadas en menor medida. Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos resaltan la importancia de el entorno sociofamiliar como el factor de mayor utilidad para la readaptación tras una vivencia traumática, coincidiendo con la mayoría de los estudios. Destaca que las variables asociadas al tratamiento son mencionados solo por 10 pacientes de la muestra, lo que parece indicar una mayor importancia del apoyo social para la superación de una vivencia traumática y una menor utilidad para los pacientes de nuestra muestra del tratamiento sanitario y de otros factores de resiliencia.

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Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience: Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events?

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Many people are exposed to loss or potentially traumatic events at some point in their lives, and yet they continue to have positive emotional experiences and show only minor and transient disruptions in their ability to function. Unfortunately, because much of psychology's knowledge about how adults cope with loss or trauma has come from individuals who sought treatment or exhibited great distress, loss and trauma theorists have often viewed this type of resilience as either rare or pathological. The author challenges these assumptions by reviewing evidence that resilience represents a distinct trajectory from the process of recovery, that resilience in the face of loss or potential trauma is more common than is often believed, and that there are multiple and sometimes unexpected pathways to resilience. ((c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved)

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What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress.

George Bonanno, Sandro Galea, Angela Bucciarelli … (2007)

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