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      Development and validation of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale for Japanese elite athletes

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          Abstract

          Abstract: Introduction: Japanese elite athletes were affected by the spread of COVID-19 infection. Four years after the pandemic, COVID-19 is still spreading and subsiding, and it is expected that some athletes are still concerned about COVID-19. Therefore, we developed the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale for Elite Athletes (CAS-EA) to measure COVID-19 anxiety among Japanese elite athletes and to examine its reliability and validity. Method: This is an observational cross-sectional study. In study 1, a 35-item anxiety questionnaire about COVID-19 was administered to 100 elite athletes on 8/18-9/1/2020. In study 2, 296 elite athletes were asked to respond to the CAS-EA, the Japanese version of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Japanese version of the Fear of Coronavirus Virus Scale (FCV-19S) from 8/31-11/8/2022. Results: In study 1, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to create CAS-EA, which consisted of 19 items with four factors: Restrictions, Sport, Practice and Athlete value. The reliability of the scales was examined, confirming a certain internal consistency. In addition, study 2 showed significant positive correlations with CAS-EA and related scales. In the COVID-19 disaster, psychological stress was more strongly associated with A-trait than physical stress, a result that could be explained by Spielberger’s Trait-state anxiety theory. Furthermore, CAS-EA scores were significantly higher for female than for male, which was consistent with the results of previous studies. Conclusion: An attempt was made to create a scale to measure anxiety about COVID-19 in Japanese elite athletes, and a 4-factor, 19-item CAS-EA was created. The reliability and validity of the scale were tested and confirmed successfully.

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          The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation

          Daniel Ahorsu, Chung-Ying Lin, Vida Imani … (2020)
          Background The emergence of the COVID-19 and its consequences has led to fears, worries, and anxiety among individuals worldwide. The present study developed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) to complement the clinical efforts in preventing the spread and treating of COVID-19 cases. Methods The sample comprised 717 Iranian participants. The items of the FCV-19S were constructed based on extensive review of existing scales on fears, expert evaluations, and participant interviews. Several psychometric tests were conducted to ascertain its reliability and validity properties. Results After panel review and corrected item-total correlation testing, seven items with acceptable corrected item-total correlation (0.47 to 0.56) were retained and further confirmed by significant and strong factor loadings (0.66 to 0.74). Also, other properties evaluated using both classical test theory and Rasch model were satisfactory on the seven-item scale. More specifically, reliability values such as internal consistency (α = .82) and test–retest reliability (ICC = .72) were acceptable. Concurrent validity was supported by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (with depression, r = 0.425 and anxiety, r = 0.511) and the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale (with perceived infectability, r = 0.483 and germ aversion, r = 0.459). Conclusion The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, a seven-item scale, has robust psychometric properties. It is reliable and valid in assessing fear of COVID-19 among the general population and will also be useful in allaying COVID-19 fears among individuals.
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            Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic

            (2021)
            Background Before 2020, mental disorders were leading causes of the global health-related burden, with depressive and anxiety disorders being leading contributors to this burden. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has created an environment where many determinants of poor mental health are exacerbated. The need for up-to-date information on the mental health impacts of COVID-19 in a way that informs health system responses is imperative. In this study, we aimed to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence and burden of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders globally in 2020. Methods We conducted a systematic review of data reporting the prevalence of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and published between Jan 1, 2020, and Jan 29, 2021. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, preprint servers, grey literature sources, and consulted experts. Eligible studies reported prevalence of depressive or anxiety disorders that were representative of the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic and had a pre-pandemic baseline. We used the assembled data in a meta-regression to estimate change in the prevalence of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders between pre-pandemic and mid-pandemic (using periods as defined by each study) via COVID-19 impact indicators (human mobility, daily SARS-CoV-2 infection rate, and daily excess mortality rate). We then used this model to estimate the change from pre-pandemic prevalence (estimated using Disease Modelling Meta-Regression version 2.1 [known as DisMod-MR 2.1]) by age, sex, and location. We used final prevalence estimates and disability weights to estimate years lived with disability and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. Findings We identified 5683 unique data sources, of which 48 met inclusion criteria (46 studies met criteria for major depressive disorder and 27 for anxiety disorders). Two COVID-19 impact indicators, specifically daily SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and reductions in human mobility, were associated with increased prevalence of major depressive disorder (regression coefficient [ B ] 0·9 [95% uncertainty interval 0·1 to 1·8; p=0·029] for human mobility, 18·1 [7·9 to 28·3; p=0·0005] for daily SARS-CoV-2 infection) and anxiety disorders (0·9 [0·1 to 1·7; p=0·022] and 13·8 [10·7 to 17·0; p<0·0001]. Females were affected more by the pandemic than males ( B 0·1 [0·1 to 0·2; p=0·0001] for major depressive disorder, 0·1 [0·1 to 0·2; p=0·0001] for anxiety disorders) and younger age groups were more affected than older age groups (−0·007 [–0·009 to −0·006; p=0·0001] for major depressive disorder, −0·003 [–0·005 to −0·002; p=0·0001] for anxiety disorders). We estimated that the locations hit hardest by the pandemic in 2020, as measured with decreased human mobility and daily SARS-CoV-2 infection rate, had the greatest increases in prevalence of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. We estimated an additional 53·2 million (44·8 to 62·9) cases of major depressive disorder globally (an increase of 27·6% [25·1 to 30·3]) due to the COVID-19 pandemic, such that the total prevalence was 3152·9 cases (2722·5 to 3654·5) per 100 000 population. We also estimated an additional 76·2 million (64·3 to 90·6) cases of anxiety disorders globally (an increase of 25·6% [23·2 to 28·0]), such that the total prevalence was 4802·4 cases (4108·2 to 5588·6) per 100 000 population. Altogether, major depressive disorder caused 49·4 million (33·6 to 68·7) DALYs and anxiety disorders caused 44·5 million (30·2 to 62·5) DALYs globally in 2020. Interpretation This pandemic has created an increased urgency to strengthen mental health systems in most countries. Mitigation strategies could incorporate ways to promote mental wellbeing and target determinants of poor mental health and interventions to treat those with a mental disorder. Taking no action to address the burden of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders should not be an option. Funding Queensland Health, National Health and Medical Research Council, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
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              COVID-19 Pandemic Response in Japan: What Is behind the Initial Flattening of the Curve?

              Ai Tashiro, Rajib Shaw (2020)
              The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in December 2019 and became a global pandemic in March 2020. The unprecedented speed of SARS-CoV2 spread, the high infection rate among the aged population, and the collapse of healthcare systems in several countries have made COVID-19 the worst “modern” pandemic. Despite its proximity to China, a large aged population, and a high urban density, Japan has mitigated successfully the initial catastrophic impacts of COVID-19. This paper analyzed the key policy measures undertaken in Japan and suggests that Japan’s culture, healthcare system, sanitation, immunity, and food habits, along with citizens’ behavior, are the possible reasons for the successful flattening of the curve. Although additional disease peaks may occur, and a consequent increase in the number of affected individuals, a combination of policy, good governance, a healthy society, and good citizen behaviors’ should be sufficient to provide enough time for the health care system to cope with them. Cluster approach, science-based decision making, and scenario planning were some of the key policy decisions taken by the government. Based on the lessons from Japan, this paper suggests the importance of an ecosystem-based lifestyle as a potential way to cope with pandemic events.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Kanami Suzuki: (View ORCID Profile)
                Tatsuya Yamaguchi: (View ORCID Profile)
                Yasuhisa Tachiya: (View ORCID Profile)
                Kohei Nakajima: (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Title: Sports Psychiatry
                Abbreviated Title: Sports Psychiatry
                Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing Group
                ISSN (Electronic): 2674-0052
                Publication date (Electronic): April 24 2024
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Sport Clinic, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                [2 ]Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                [3 ]Department of Sports Medicine and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                [4 ]Department of Health and Sports Science, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Toyo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                [5 ]Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women’s University, Nara, Japan
                Article
                DOI: 10.1024/2674-0052/a000080
                SO-VID: 94d10d1b-ea6b-4c4e-8a6e-9e8ad76acfa8
                Copyright © © 2024
                License:

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

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