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      HIV-associated executive dysfunction in the era of modern antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

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          Abstract

          While some reports suggest that HIV+ individuals continue to display executive function (EF) impairment in the era of cART, findings have been contradictory and appear to differ based on the aspect of EF being measured. To improve the understanding of how discrete executive abilities may be differentially affected or spared in the context of HIV infection, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to (a) determine whether and to what extent HIV+ adults experience deficits in EFs, and (b) understand how demographic and clinical characteristics may modify the associations between HIV infection and executive abilities.

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          The Nature and Organization of Individual Differences in Executive Functions: Four General Conclusions.

          Executive functions (EFs)-a set of general-purpose control processes that regulate one's thoughts and behaviors-have become a popular research topic lately and have been studied in many subdisciplines of psychological science. This article summarizes the EF research that our group has conducted to understand the nature of individual differences in EFs and their cognitive and biological underpinnings. In the context of a new theoretical framework that we have been developing (the unity/diversity framework), we describe four general conclusions that have emerged from our research. Specifically, we argue that individual differences in EFs, as measured with simple laboratory tasks, (1) show both unity and diversity (different EFs are correlated yet separable); (2) reflect substantial genetic contributions; (3) are related to various clinically and societally important phenomena; and (4) show some developmental stability.
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            Individual differences in executive functions are almost entirely genetic in origin.

            Recent psychological and neuropsychological research suggests that executive functions--the cognitive control processes that regulate thought and action--are multifaceted and that different types of executive functions are correlated but separable. The present multivariate twin study of 3 executive functions (inhibiting dominant responses, updating working memory representations, and shifting between task sets), measured as latent variables, examined why people vary in these executive control abilities and why these abilities are correlated but separable from a behavioral genetic perspective. Results indicated that executive functions are correlated because they are influenced by a highly heritable (99%) common factor that goes beyond general intelligence or perceptual speed, and they are separable because of additional genetic influences unique to particular executive functions. This combination of general and specific genetic influences places executive functions among the most heritable psychological traits. These results highlight the potential of genetic approaches for uncovering the biological underpinnings of executive functions and suggest a need for examining multiple types of executive functions to distinguish different levels of genetic influences. (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved
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              Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Clin Exp Neuropsychol
                Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology
                Informa UK Limited
                1744-411X
                1380-3395
                May 2018
                : 40
                : 4
                Affiliations
                [1 ] a Department of Neurology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
                [2 ] b Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA.
                Article
                NIHMS1505281
                10.1080/13803395.2017.1349879
                6164174
                28689493
                9b77d6d6-4e8a-4d11-ad19-5bbfea0ad12b
                History

                HIV/AIDS,executive functioning,frontal lobe,neuropsychological functioning,HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder

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