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      The pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review with network meta-analyses of randomised trials.

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          Abstract

          Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders in childhood. A wide variety of treatments have been used for the management of ADHD. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of pharmacological, psychological and complementary and alternative medicine interventions for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents.

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          Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents.

          Guilherme V. Polanczyk, Giovanni A. Salum, Luisa S. Sugaya … (2015)
          The literature on the prevalence of mental disorders affecting children and adolescents has expanded significantly over the last three decades around the world. Despite the field having matured significantly, there has been no meta-analysis to calculate a worldwide-pooled prevalence and to empirically assess the sources of heterogeneity of estimates.
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            Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments.

            Edmund Sonuga‐Barke, Daniel Brandeis, Samuele Cortese … (2013)
            Nonpharmacological treatments are available for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although their efficacy remains uncertain. The authors undertook meta-analyses of the efficacy of dietary (restricted elimination diets, artificial food color exclusions, and free fatty acid supplementation) and psychological (cognitive training, neurofeedback, and behavioral interventions) ADHD treatments. Using a common systematic search and a rigorous coding and data extraction strategy across domains, the authors searched electronic databases to identify published randomized controlled trials that involved individuals who were diagnosed with ADHD (or who met a validated cutoff on a recognized rating scale) and that included an ADHD outcome. Fifty-four of the 2,904 nonduplicate screened records were included in the analyses. Two different analyses were performed. When the outcome measure was based on ADHD assessments by raters closest to the therapeutic setting, all dietary (standardized mean differences=0.21-0.48) and psychological (standardized mean differences=0.40-0.64) treatments produced statistically significant effects. However, when the best probably blinded assessment was employed, effects remained significant for free fatty acid supplementation (standardized mean difference=0.16) and artificial food color exclusion (standardized mean difference=0.42) but were substantially attenuated to nonsignificant levels for other treatments. Free fatty acid supplementation produced small but significant reductions in ADHD symptoms even with probably blinded assessments, although the clinical significance of these effects remains to be determined. Artificial food color exclusion produced larger effects but often in individuals selected for food sensitivities. Better evidence for efficacy from blinded assessments is required for behavioral interventions, neurofeedback, cognitive training, and restricted elimination diets before they can be supported as treatments for core ADHD symptoms.
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              Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

              Steven R. Pliszka (2007)
              This practice parameter describes the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on the current scientific evidence and clinical consensus of experts in the field. This parameter discusses the clinical evaluation for ADHD, comorbid conditions associated with ADHD, research on the etiology of the disorder, and psychopharmacological and psychosocial interventions for ADHD.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
                Title: PloS one
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                ISSN (Print): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 2017
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 7
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
                [2 ] Fundación Instituto de Investigación en Servicios de Salud, Valencia, Spain.
                [3 ] Department of Medicine, University of Valencia/INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain.
                [4 ] School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
                [5 ] Centro de Atención Integral a Drogodependientes (CAID) Norte, Regional Health Council, Madrid, Spain.
                [6 ] School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
                [7 ] School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
                [8 ] Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Zaragoza, Spain.
                [9 ] Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Agency (AEMPS), Madrid, Spain.
                [10 ] Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: PONE-D-17-02391
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180355
                PMC ID: 5507500
                PubMed ID: 28700715
                SO-VID: a9d3c10b-58e1-42df-a92a-b6cb73188ab8
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