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      Materials science. Assembly of micro/nanomaterials into complex, three-dimensional architectures by compressive buckling.

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          Abstract

          Complex three-dimensional (3D) structures in biology (e.g., cytoskeletal webs, neural circuits, and vasculature networks) form naturally to provide essential functions in even the most basic forms of life. Compelling opportunities exist for analogous 3D architectures in human-made devices, but design options are constrained by existing capabilities in materials growth and assembly. We report routes to previously inaccessible classes of 3D constructs in advanced materials, including device-grade silicon. The schemes involve geometric transformation of 2D micro/nanostructures into extended 3D layouts by compressive buckling. Demonstrations include experimental and theoretical studies of more than 40 representative geometries, from single and multiple helices, toroids, and conical spirals to structures that resemble spherical baskets, cuboid cages, starbursts, flowers, scaffolds, fences, and frameworks, each with single- and/or multiple-level configurations.

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          Most cited references31

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          Ultralight, ultrastiff mechanical metamaterials.

          The mechanical properties of ordinary materials degrade substantially with reduced density because their structural elements bend under applied load. We report a class of microarchitected materials that maintain a nearly constant stiffness per unit mass density, even at ultralow density. This performance derives from a network of nearly isotropic microscale unit cells with high structural connectivity and nanoscale features, whose structural members are designed to carry loads in tension or compression. Production of these microlattices, with polymers, metals, or ceramics as constituent materials, is made possible by projection microstereolithography (an additive micromanufacturing technique) combined with nanoscale coating and postprocessing. We found that these materials exhibit ultrastiff properties across more than three orders of magnitude in density, regardless of the constituent material.
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            Ultralight metallic microlattices.

            Ultralight (<10 milligrams per cubic centimeter) cellular materials are desirable for thermal insulation; battery electrodes; catalyst supports; and acoustic, vibration, or shock energy damping. We present ultralight materials based on periodic hollow-tube microlattices. These materials are fabricated by starting with a template formed by self-propagating photopolymer waveguide prototyping, coating the template by electroless nickel plating, and subsequently etching away the template. The resulting metallic microlattices exhibit densities ρ ≥ 0.9 milligram per cubic centimeter, complete recovery after compression exceeding 50% strain, and energy absorption similar to elastomers. Young's modulus E scales with density as E ~ ρ(2), in contrast to the E ~ ρ(3) scaling observed for ultralight aerogels and carbon nanotube foams with stochastic architecture. We attribute these properties to structural hierarchy at the nanometer, micrometer, and millimeter scales.
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              3D printing of interdigitated Li-ion microbattery architectures.

              3D interdigitated microbattery architectures (3D-IMA) are fabricated by printing concentrated lithium oxide-based inks. The microbatteries are composed of interdigitated, high-aspect ratio cathode and anode structures. Our 3D-IMA, which exhibit high areal energy and power densities, may find potential application in autonomously powered microdevices. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Science
                Science (New York, N.Y.)
                American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
                1095-9203
                0036-8075
                Jan 09 2015
                : 347
                : 6218
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
                [2 ] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
                [3 ] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China.
                [4 ] Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
                [5 ] Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
                [6 ] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety (MOE), School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China.
                [7 ] Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
                [8 ] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
                [9 ] Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
                [10 ] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. jrogers@illinois.edu y-huang@northwestern.edu yihui.zhang2011@gmail.com.
                [11 ] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China. jrogers@illinois.edu y-huang@northwestern.edu yihui.zhang2011@gmail.com.
                [12 ] Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. jrogers@illinois.edu y-huang@northwestern.edu yihui.zhang2011@gmail.com.
                Article
                347/6218/154
                10.1126/science.1260960
                25574018
                7228f140-4e69-4fbc-be00-a51baf619fc9
                History

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