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      Stability of encapsulated and non-encapsulated anthocyanin in yogurt produced with natural dye obtained from Solanum melongena L. Bark Translated title: Avaliação da estabilidade das antocianinas em iogurte elaborado com corante natural obtido da casca de Solanum melongena L.encapsulado e não encapsulado

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          Abstract

          Abstract This research evaluated the stability of non-encapsulated and spray-dried encapsulated anthocyanin from Solanum melongena L. bark as a natural dye in yogurts. Anthocyanin was extracted using 70% cereal alcohol acidified with citric acid at pH 2.0. Extract spray-drying was defined using the experimental design (22), with drying temperature (°C) and carrier concentration (Gum arabic) as independent variables. The response variable adopted was the total monomeric anthocyanin content. The following analyses were performed: color; total monomeric anthocyanins; total phenolic contents; antioxidant activity using the DPPH• (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical; pH; and acidity. Yogurt degradation constant, half-life, and color retention percentage of anthocyanin added to yogurt were calculated. The total monomeric anthocyanin value found in the extract was 67.21 mg 100g-1 of bark. Natural non-encapsulated and encapsulated dye extract were added to yogurt at concentrations of 1.0; 1.5; and 2 g extract/100 mL yogurt. Average pH values after addition of anthocyanin extract ranged from 3.60 to 3.87. Acidity was 1.04% in natural yogurt (time zero), while 1%; 1.5%; and 2% samples showed 1.4; 1.7; and 2.05% and 1.18; 1.29; and 1.47% acidity in non-encapsulated extract added to yogurt and encapsulated extract added to yogurt, respectively. Anthocyanin content decreased during storage using non-encapsulated extract, remaining constant in encapsulated extract added to yogurt. The three formulations showed increased L* at thirty days, with discoloration being related to decreased anthocyanin content. DPPH• radical scavenging activity decreased during the 30 days of storage. The content of phenolic compounds ranged from 106.01 to 239.90 mg GAE 100 g-1 of yogurt in non-encapsulated extract added to yogurt, and from 225.17 to 291.98mg GAE 100 g-1 of encapsulated extract added to yogurt. Extract encapsulation is indicated because it provides high anthocyanin stability.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade das antocianinas da casca de Solanum melongena L., encapsuladas pelo processo de secagem em spray dryer e não encapsuladas como corante natural em iogurtes. A extração de antocianinas foi realizada utilizando álcool de cereais a 70%, acidificado com ácido cítrico a pH 2.0. A secagem do extrato por atomização foi definida utilizando o delineamento experimental 22, tendo como variáveis independentes a temperatura de secagem e a concentração do agente carreador (goma arábica). A variável de resposta adotada foi o teor de antocianinas monoméricas. Foram realizadas as seguintes análises: cor, antocianinas monoméricas, fenólicos totais, determinação da atividade antioxidante, utilizando o radical DPPH•, pH e acidez. Foram calculados a constante de degradação, o tempo de meia-vida e a porcentagem de retenção de cor das antocianinas adicionadas ao iogurte. Para as antocianinas monoméricas, o valor encontrado no extrato foi de 67,21 mg 100g-1 de casca. Foram adicionados aos iogurtes corante natural, nas formas de extrato não encapsulado e encapsulado, nas concentrações de 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 g de extrato/100mL de iogurte. Os resultados médios de pH, após a adição do extrato de antocianinas no iogurte, variaram entre 3,60 e 3,87. O parâmetro de acidez para tempo zero no iogurte natural foi de 1,04%, enquanto as amostras de 1%; 1,5% e 2% foram de 1,4; 1,7 e 2,05% e 1,18; 1,29 e 1,47% para o iogurte adicionado do extrato não encapsulado, e o iogurte adicionado de extrato encapsulado respectivamente. A respeito de medições feitas no iogurte adicionado do extrato não encapsulado e encapsulado, verificou-se maior redução no teor de antocianinas no iogurte adicionado do extrato não encapsulado durante o armazenamento, enquanto no iogurte adicionado de extrato encapsulado o teor de antocianinas se manteve constante. Considerando os dias 0 e 30 da avaliação da cor nas três formulações, houve aumento em L *, mostrando descoloração, que está relacionada à redução do teor de antocianinas. A capacidade de sequestro do radical DPPH• diminuiu durante os 30 dias de armazenamento. As quantidades de compostos fenólicos variaram entre 106,01 e 239,90 mg EAG 100g -1 de iogurte, nos iogurtes adicionados do extrato não encapsulado e 225,17 e 291,98 mg EAG 100g -1 de iogurte, nos iogurtes adicionados de extrato encapsulado. O encapsulamento dos extratos é indicado, pois garantiu maior estabilidade das antocianinas.

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          Encapsulation of polyphenols and anthocyanins from pomegranate (Punica granatum) by spray drying

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            Natural food pigments and colorants

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              Wild Relatives of the Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): New Understanding of Species Names in a Complex Group

              Background The common or brinjal eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) belongs to the Leptostemonum Clade (the “spiny” solanums) of the species-rich genus Solanum (Solanaceae). Unlike most of the genus, the eggplant and its relatives are from the Old World; most eggplant wild relatives are from Africa. An informal system for naming eggplant wild relatives largely based on crossing and other biosystematics data has been in use for approximately a decade. This system recognises several forms of two broadly conceived species, S. incanum L. and S. melongena. Recent morphological and molecular work has shown that species-level differences exist between these entities, and a new species-level nomenclature has been identified as necessary for plant breeders and for the maintenance of accurately named germplasm. Methodology/Principal Findings We examined herbarium specimens from throughout the wild species ranges as part of a larger revision of the spiny solanums of Africa. Based on these morphological and molecular studies, we delimited species in the group to which the common eggplant belongs and constructed identification keys for the group. We also examined the monophyly of the group considered as the eggplant relatives by previous authors. Conclusions/Significance We recognise ten species in this group: S. aureitomentosum Bitter, S. campylacanthum A.Rich., S. cerasiferum Dunal, S. incanum L., S. insanum L., S. lichtensteinii Willd., S. linnaeanum Hepper & P.-M.L.Jaeger, S. melongena L., S. rigidum Lam. and S. umtuma Voronts. & S.Knapp. We review the history of naming and provide keys and character lists for all species. Ploidy level differences have not been investigated in the eggplant wild relatives; we identify this as a priority for improvement of crop wild relative use in breeding. The application of species-level names to these entities will help focus new collecting efforts for brinjal eggplant improvement and help facilitate information exchange.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbf
                Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura
                Rev. Bras. Frutic.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Fruticultura (Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil )
                0100-2945
                1806-9967
                2020
                : 42
                : 3
                : e-137
                Affiliations
                [01] Recife PE orgnameFederal University of Pernambuco orgdiv1Department of Nutrition Brasil fjamille@ 123456hotmail.com
                [02] Recife PE orgnameFederal University of Pernambuco orgdiv1Department of Nutrition Brasil heleni.aires22@ 123456hotmail.com
                [04] Recife PE orgnameFederal University of Pernambuco orgdiv1Department of Nutrition Brasil margaridangelica@ 123456hotmail.com
                [03] Recife PE orgnameFederal University of Pernambuco orgdiv1Department of Antibiotics Brasil andrea.lbdsantana@ 123456ufpe.br
                Article
                S0100-29452020000300901 S0100-2945(20)04200300901
                10.1590/0100-29452020137
                0eb241c7-9f64-4132-894f-95bc1804dbf0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 April 2020
                : 05 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Processing

                corante,Antocianidinas,atomização,produtos lácteos,berinjela,Anthocyanidins,dye,spray-drying,dairy products,eggplant

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