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      Cannabis and Mental Illness: A Review

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          Abstract

          With the increasing push to legalize cannabis in Western nations, there is a need to gauge the potential impact of this policy change on vulnerable populations, such as those with mental illness, including schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders. This is particularly important as there are strong motives in these individuals to seek short-term reward (e.g., “getting high”). Nonetheless, data to support the beneficial effects of cannabis use in psychiatric populations are limited, and potential harms in patients with psychotic and mood disorders have been increasingly documented. This article reviews the effects of cannabis in people with mental illness. Then, we provide a reconciliation of the addiction vulnerability and allostatic hypotheses to explain addiction co-morbidity in mentally ill cannabis users, as well as to further aid in developing a rational framework for assessment and treatment of problematic cannabis use in these patients.

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          Endocannabinoid signalling in reward and addiction.

          Loren Parsons, Yasmin L Hurd (2015)
          Brain endocannabinoid (eCB) signalling influences the motivation for natural rewards (such as palatable food, sexual activity and social interaction) and modulates the rewarding effects of addictive drugs. Pathological forms of natural and drug-induced reward are associated with dysregulated eCB signalling that may derive from pre-existing genetic factors or from prolonged drug exposure. Impaired eCB signalling contributes to dysregulated synaptic plasticity, increased stress responsivity, negative emotional states and cravings that propel addiction. Understanding the contributions of eCB disruptions to behavioural and physiological traits provides insight into the eCB influence on addiction vulnerability.
          Article 0 comments Cited 179 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Prevalence and Correlates of DSM-5 Cannabis Use Disorder, 2012-2013: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III

            Jeesun Jung, Boji Huang, Tulshi D Saha … (2016)
            Objective Attitudes towards marijuana are changing, the prevalence of DSM-IV cannabis use disorder has increased, and DSM-5 modified the diagnostic criteria for cannabis use disorders. Therefore, updated information is needed on the prevalence, demographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, disability and treatment for DSM-5 cannabis use disorders in the US adult population. Method In 2012–2013, a nationally representative sample of 36,309 participants ≥18 years were interviewed in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). Psychiatric and substance use disorders were assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5. Results Prevalence of 12-month and lifetime marijuana use disorder was 2.5% and 6.3%. Among those with 12-month and lifetime marijuana use disorder, marijuana use was frequent; mean days used per year was 225.3 (SE=5.69) and 274.2 (SE=3.76). Odds of 12-month and lifetime marijuana use disorder were higher for men, Native Americans, those unmarried, with low incomes, and young adults, (e.g., OR=7.2, 95% CI 5.5–9.5 for 12-month disorder among those 18–24 years compared to those ≥45 years). Marijuana use disorder was associated with other substance disorders, affective, anxiety and personality disorders. Twelve-month marijuana use disorder was associated with disability. As disorder severity increased, virtually all associations became stronger. Only 24.3% with lifetime marijuana use disorder participated in 12-step programs or professional treatment. Conclusions DSM-5 marijuana use disorder is prevalent, associated with comorbidity and disability, and often untreated. Findings suggest the need to improve prevention methods, and educate the public, professionals and policy makers about the harms associated with marijuana use disorders and available interventions.
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              Medical Marijuana for Treatment of Chronic Pain and Other Medical and Psychiatric Problems: A Clinical Review.

              Kevin P Hill (2015)
              As of March 2015, 23 states and the District of Columbia had medical marijuana laws in place. Physicians should know both the scientific rationale and the practical implications for medical marijuana laws.
              Article 0 comments Cited 158 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-journal-id): 9103030
                Journal ID (pubmed-jr-id): 1022
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci
                Title: European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience
                ISSN (Print): 0940-1334
                ISSN (Electronic): 1433-8491
                Publication date Nihms-submitted: 19 December 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 December 2018
                Publication date (Print): February 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 01 February 2020
                Volume: 269
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 107-120
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)
                [2 ]Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto
                [3 ]Division and Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto
                Author notes
                Address for Correspondence: Tony P. George, MD FRCPC, Professor of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Chief, Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 100 Stokes Street, BGB 3288, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Tel: (416) 535-8501 x32662, Fax: (416) 260-4171, tony.george@ 123456camh.ca
                Article
                Accession ID: PMC6397076 Pmcid ID: PMC6397076 Pmc-uid ID: 6397076 Manuscript ID: nihpa1516933
                DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0970-7
                PMC ID: 6397076
                PubMed ID: 30564886
                SO-VID: 977d78a7-3611-48a4-99a7-99cc29b6ba30
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: Harms,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,Cannabis,Anxiety Disorders,Schizophrenia,Legalization,Addiction,Mood Disorders,Therapeutics
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Harms, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Cannabis, Anxiety Disorders, Schizophrenia, Legalization, Addiction, Mood Disorders, Therapeutics

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