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      Short‐term effects of COVID‐19 on semen parameters: A multicenter study of 69 cases

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          Abstract

          Objective

          COVID‐19, which is known to be caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), is a global health problem that can cause multiorgan damage because of its use of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in its pathophysiology. We aimed to investigate whether SARS‐CoV‐2 had a short‐term effect on spermatogenesis, which plays an important role in male reproductive health as it has abundant ACE2 expression in testicular tissue.

          Material and methods

          This multicenter study included 69 patients aged 20–45 years, who admitted to our hospitals between April 2020 and October 2020 with a history of a positive test result for SARS‐CoV‐2 based on the nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab samples and had recovered from the disease at least three months earlier and who had undergone a spermiogram test in the hospital database within the last year before the onset of disease. The patients were divided into two groups according to their COVID‐19 symptoms being mild or moderate, depending on whether they had received home treatment or required hospitalization for oxygen therapy. Semen samples taken before and after COVID‐19 were compared within and between the groups in terms of sperm parameters.

          Results

          The mean age of the patients included in the study was 30.4±4.8 years in the mild symptomatic COVID‐19 group and 31.06±4.2 years in the moderate symptomatic group. When the spermiogram samples of the patients before and after COVID‐19 were evaluated, it was found that motility and vitality significantly decreased in the mild symptomatic group, while the decrease in all semen parameters was statistically significant in the moderate symptomatic group.

          Conclusion

          Although the mechanism by which COVID‐19 causes testicular involvement remains uncertain, its short‐term results on spermatogenesis reveals that COVID‐19 negatively affects sperm parameters.

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          Most cited references28

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Chaolin Huang, Yeming Wang, Xingwang Li … (2020)
          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
          Article 0 comments Cited 22385 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding

            Roujian Lu, Xiang Zhao, Juan Li … (2021)
            Summary Background In late December, 2019, patients presenting with viral pneumonia due to an unidentified microbial agent were reported in Wuhan, China. A novel coronavirus was subsequently identified as the causative pathogen, provisionally named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). As of Jan 26, 2020, more than 2000 cases of 2019-nCoV infection have been confirmed, most of which involved people living in or visiting Wuhan, and human-to-human transmission has been confirmed. Methods We did next-generation sequencing of samples from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and cultured isolates from nine inpatients, eight of whom had visited the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan. Complete and partial 2019-nCoV genome sequences were obtained from these individuals. Viral contigs were connected using Sanger sequencing to obtain the full-length genomes, with the terminal regions determined by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Phylogenetic analysis of these 2019-nCoV genomes and those of other coronaviruses was used to determine the evolutionary history of the virus and help infer its likely origin. Homology modelling was done to explore the likely receptor-binding properties of the virus. Findings The ten genome sequences of 2019-nCoV obtained from the nine patients were extremely similar, exhibiting more than 99·98% sequence identity. Notably, 2019-nCoV was closely related (with 88% identity) to two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses, bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, collected in 2018 in Zhoushan, eastern China, but were more distant from SARS-CoV (about 79%) and MERS-CoV (about 50%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 2019-nCoV fell within the subgenus Sarbecovirus of the genus Betacoronavirus, with a relatively long branch length to its closest relatives bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, and was genetically distinct from SARS-CoV. Notably, homology modelling revealed that 2019-nCoV had a similar receptor-binding domain structure to that of SARS-CoV, despite amino acid variation at some key residues. Interpretation 2019-nCoV is sufficiently divergent from SARS-CoV to be considered a new human-infecting betacoronavirus. Although our phylogenetic analysis suggests that bats might be the original host of this virus, an animal sold at the seafood market in Wuhan might represent an intermediate host facilitating the emergence of the virus in humans. Importantly, structural analysis suggests that 2019-nCoV might be able to bind to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in humans. The future evolution, adaptation, and spread of this virus warrant urgent investigation. Funding National Key Research and Development Program of China, National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong First Medical University.
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              Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A literature review

              Harapan Harapan, Naoya Itoh, Amanda Yufika … (2020)
              In early December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), occurred in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. On January 30, 2020 the World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. As of February 14, 2020, 49,053 laboratory-confirmed and 1,381 deaths have been reported globally. Perceived risk of acquiring disease has led many governments to institute a variety of control measures. We conducted a literature review of publicly available information to summarize knowledge about the pathogen and the current epidemic. In this literature review, the causative agent, pathogenesis and immune responses, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and management of the disease, control and preventions strategies are all reviewed.
              Article 0 comments Cited 593 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Guven Erbay:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1797-0877
                drguven85@hotmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Andrology
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Andrology
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)2047-2927
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ANDR
                Title: Andrology
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 2047-2919
                ISSN (Electronic): 2047-2927
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 April 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10.1111/andr.13019
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Urology Karaman Training and Research Hospital Karaman Turkey
                [ 2 ] Department of Urology Umraniye Training and Research Hospital Istanbul Turkey
                [ 3 ] Department of Urology Toros State Hospital Mersin Turkey
                [ 4 ] Urology Diyarbakir Genesis Hospital Diyarbakir Turkey
                [ 5 ] Department of Urology Istanbul University‐Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine Istanbul Turkey
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Guven Erbay, Department of Urology, Karaman Training and Research Hospital, Karaman, Turkey.

                Email: drguven85@ 123456hotmail.com

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1797-0877
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8237-1072
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5916-5964
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7491-1788
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6817-2106
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8302-4520
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6907-3310
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6111-2987
                Article
                Publisher ID: ANDR13019
                DOI: 10.1111/andr.13019
                PMC ID: 8251422
                PubMed ID: 33851521
                SO-VID: 8cbb9f11-c291-4066-b8f4-c6afd2b34284
                Copyright © © 2021 American Society of Andrology and European Academy of Andrology
                License:

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                Date revision received : 07 April 2021
                Date received : 14 February 2021
                Date accepted : 09 April 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Pages: 6, Words: 11317
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Subject: Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                edited-state corrected-proof
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.4 mode:remove_FC converted:02.07.2021

                Keywords: covid‐19,male infertility,sars‐cov‐2,semen,spermatogenesis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid‐19, male infertility, sars‐cov‐2, semen, spermatogenesis

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