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      A benchmark for comparison of cell tracking algorithms

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          Abstract

          Motivation: Automatic tracking of cells in multidimensional time-lapse fluorescence microscopy is an important task in many biomedical applications. A novel framework for objective evaluation of cell tracking algorithms has been established under the auspices of the IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging 2013 Cell Tracking Challenge. In this article, we present the logistics, datasets, methods and results of the challenge and lay down the principles for future uses of this benchmark.

          Results: The main contributions of the challenge include the creation of a comprehensive video dataset repository and the definition of objective measures for comparison and ranking of the algorithms. With this benchmark, six algorithms covering a variety of segmentation and tracking paradigms have been compared and ranked based on their performance on both synthetic and real datasets. Given the diversity of the datasets, we do not declare a single winner of the challenge. Instead, we present and discuss the results for each individual dataset separately.

          Availability and implementation: The challenge Web site ( http://www.codesolorzano.com/celltrackingchallenge) provides access to the training and competition datasets, along with the ground truth of the training videos. It also provides access to Windows and Linux executable files of the evaluation software and most of the algorithms that competed in the challenge.

          Contact: codesolorzano@ 123456unav.es

          Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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          Most cited references28

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          Measurement of mechanical tractions exerted by cells in three-dimensional matrices.

          Quantitative measurements of cell-generated forces have heretofore required that cells be cultured on two-dimensional substrates. We describe a technique to quantitatively measure three-dimensional traction forces exerted by cells fully encapsulated in well-defined elastic hydrogel matrices. Using this approach we measured traction forces for several cell types in various contexts and revealed patterns of force generation attributable to morphologically distinct regions of cells as they extend into the surrounding matrix.
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            Multiple hypothesis tracking for cluttered biological image sequences.

            In this paper, we present a method for simultaneously tracking thousands of targets in biological image sequences, which is of major importance in modern biology. The complexity and inherent randomness of the problem lead us to propose a unified probabilistic framework for tracking biological particles in microscope images. The framework includes realistic models of particle motion and existence and of fluorescence image features. For the track extraction process per se, the very cluttered conditions motivate the adoption of a multiframe approach that enforces tracking decision robustness to poor imaging conditions and to random target movements. We tackle the large-scale nature of the problem by adapting the multiple hypothesis tracking algorithm to the proposed framework, resulting in a method with a favorable tradeoff between the model complexity and the computational cost of the tracking procedure. When compared to the state-of-the-art tracking techniques for bioimaging, the proposed algorithm is shown to be the only method providing high-quality results despite the critically poor imaging conditions and the dense target presence. We thus demonstrate the benefits of advanced Bayesian tracking techniques for the accurate computational modeling of dynamical biological processes, which is promising for further developments in this domain.
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              Cell population tracking and lineage construction with spatiotemporal context.

              Automated visual-tracking of cell populations in vitro using time-lapse phase contrast microscopy enables quantitative, systematic, and high-throughput measurements of cell behaviors. These measurements include the spatiotemporal quantification of cell migration, mitosis, apoptosis, and the reconstruction of cell lineages. The combination of low signal-to-noise ratio of phase contrast microscopy images, high and varying densities of the cell cultures, topological complexities of cell shapes, and wide range of cell behaviors poses many challenges to existing tracking techniques. This paper presents a fully automated multi-target tracking system that can efficiently cope with these challenges while simultaneously tracking and analyzing thousands of cells observed using time-lapse phase contrast microscopy. The system combines bottom-up and top-down image analysis by integrating multiple collaborative modules, which exploit a fast geometric active contour tracker in conjunction with adaptive interacting multiple models (IMM) motion filtering and spatiotemporal trajectory optimization. The system, which was tested using a variety of cell populations, achieved tracking accuracy in the range of 86.9-92.5%.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Bioinformatics
                Bioinformatics
                bioinformatics
                bioinfo
                Bioinformatics
                Oxford University Press
                1367-4803
                1367-4811
                1 June 2014
                12 February 2014
                12 February 2014
                : 30
                : 11
                : 1609-1617
                Affiliations
                1Center for Biomedical Image Analysis, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, 2Cancer Imaging Laboratory, Oncology Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain, 3Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 4Fusion Technology and Systems Department, Compunetix Inc., Monroeville, PA 15146, USA, 5Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, University of Heidelberg, BIOQUANT, IPMB and DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, 6KTH Royal Institute of Technology, ACCESS Linnaeus Center, Department of Signal Processing, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, 7Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA, 8Division of Image Processing, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands, 9Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, 12801 Prague 2, Czech Republic and 10Biomedical Image Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid & CIBER BBN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed.

                Associate Editor: Jonathan Wren

                Article
                btu080
                10.1093/bioinformatics/btu080
                4029039
                24526711
                d7f119f2-7d26-4ef7-a9f5-d69a0506d837
                © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                : 29 August 2013
                : 15 January 2014
                : 31 January 2014
                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Categories
                Original Papers
                Bioimage Informatics

                Bioinformatics & Computational biology
                Bioinformatics & Computational biology

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