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      Complicaciones en la evolución de los hemangiomas y malformaciones vasculares Translated title: Complications in the evolution of haemangiomas and vascular malformations

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          Abstract

          La diferenciación de los hemangiomas y las malformaciones vasculares es histológica, clínica y pronóstica. Aunque la mayoría de los hemangiomas evolucionan a la resolución espontanea, pueden complicarse hasta en un 10% de los casos con ulceración, dolor y hemorragia. Además, la propia localización de los hemangiomas en la cabeza y cuello, junto a estructuras vitales pueden comprometer sus funciones. Así pues, la compresión de vía aérea puede ser una urgencia vital. Los hemangiomas periorbitarios pueden producir ambliopía por deprivación sensorial o por un estrabismo restrictivo. Los hemangiomas lumbosacros deben estudiarse con RMN por su frecuente asociación con alteraciones de la línea media a nivel espinal, anal, genital o renal. Entre los hemangiomas viscerales, los hepáticos son los más graves por su asociación con insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva. La asociación de hemangiomas faciales extensos con anomalías del SNC, anomalías vasculares, cardiacas, oculares y esternales se denomina síndrome PHACE y con frecuencia se complica con deficiencia mental, convulsiones o ictus. Las malformaciones vasculares de localización trigeminal se asocian hasta en un 15% con glaucoma o hemangiomas coroideos o leptomeníngeos (síndrome de Sturge-Weber). Las malformaciones vasculares combinadas localizadas en extremidades pueden complicarse con tromboflebitis, osteolisis regional e incluso tromboembolismos a distancia (Síndrome de Klippel-Treneaunay ). Por otro lado, existe una coagulopatía por consumo (Síndrome de Kassabach-Merrit) que puede complicar algunos tumores vasculares como el hemangiomatoendotelioma kaposiforme y el angioma en penacho. Se revisan por último las complicaciones de los tratamientos empleados.

          Translated abstract

          The differentiation of haemangiomas and vascular malformations is histological, clinical and prognostic. Although the majority of haemangiomas evolve towards spontaneous resolution, as many as 10% of cases can develop complications with ulceration, pain and haemorrhaging. Besides, the localisation of haemangiomas in the head and neck, next to vital structures, can compromise their functions. Hence, compression of the airway might be a vital emergency. Periorbital haemangiomas can give rise to amblyopia due to sensory deprivation or due to a restrictive strabismus. Lumbosacral haemangiomas must be studied with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance because of their frequent association with alterations in the midline at the level of the spine, anus, genitals or kidneys. Amongst visceral haemangiomas, hepatic haemangiomas are the most serious due to their association with congestive cardiac insufficiency. The association of extensive facial haemangiomas with anomalies of the central nervous system, vascular, cardiac, ocular and sternal anomalies, is denominated PHACE syndrome and is frequently complicated by mental deficiency, convulsions or ictus. Vascular malformations of trigeminal localisation are associated in up to 15% of cases with glaucoma or choroidal or leptomeningeal haemangiomas (Sturge-Weber syndrome). Combined vascular malformations localised in the extremities can become complicated with thrombophlebitis, regional osteolysis and even distant thromboembolisms (Klippel-Treneaunay Syndrome). On the other hand, there is a coagulopathy due to consumption (Kassabach-Merrit Syndrome) that can complicate some vascular tumours such as the Kaposiform haemangioendothelioma and the tufted angioma. Finally, the complications of the treatments employed are reviewed.

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          Most cited references78

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          Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics.

          Forty-nine specimens from a variety of vascular lesions were analyzed for cellular characteristics. Two major categories of lesions emerged from this investigation: hemangiomas and vascular malformations. This classification and its implications are justified by several considerations. Hemangiomas in the proliferating phase (n = 14) were distinguished by (1) endothelial hyperplasia with incorporation of [3H]thymidine, (2) multilaminated basement membrane formation beneath the endothelium, and (3) clinical history of rapid growth during early infancy. Hemangiomas in the involuting phase (n = 12) exhibited (1) histologic fibrosis and fat deposition, (2) low to absent [3H]thymidine labeling of endothelial cells, and (3) rapid growth and subsequent regression. The endothelium in hemangiomas had many characteristics of differentiation: Weibel-Palade bodies, alkaline phosphatase, and factor VIII production. Vascular malformations (n = 23) demonstrated no tritiated thymidine incorporation and normal ultrastructural characteristics. These lesions were usually noted at birth, grew proportionately with the child, and consisted of abnormal, often combined, capillary, arterial, venous, and lymphatic vascular elements. This cell-oriented analysis provides a simple yet comprehensive classification of vascular lesions of infancy and childhood and serves as a guide for diagnosis, management, and further research.
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            Sclerotherapy of craniofacial venous malformations: complications and results.

            Of all vascular anomalies, venous malformations are the most common, and they have a propensity for the head and neck. The authors retrospectively analyzed 40 patients with craniofacial venous malformations who underwent sclerotherapy between October of 1994 and June of 1996 to determine (1) the results of sclerotherapy with ethanol and/or sodium tetradecyl sulfate, (2) the types and rate of complications, and (3) whether outcome correlated with age, sex, location, size, tissues involved, morphology (lobular or varicose), venous outflow, or number of sclerotherapy sessions. The authors also reviewed the results after sclerotherapy and contour resection (n = 18). Comparisons between the results with ethanol and sodium tetradecyl sulfate and between sclerotherapy alone and sclerotherapy and resection combined were not done. The study was composed of three parts. They were (1) a review of records and imaging studies, (2) a panel evaluation of pretreatment and posttreatment photographs, and (3) a questionnaire that determined the patient's (or parent of the patient's) impression of therapy. Interrater and intrarater agreement were analyzed. Sclerotherapy was performed in an angiographic suite, under general anesthesia, using absolute ethanol and/or sodium tetradecyl sulfate. Complications of the treatment included acute blistering (50 percent), hemoglobinuria (28 percent), deep ulceration (13 percent), and nerve injury (7.5 percent). Two patients suffered transient facial paresis, and one had permanent unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Thirty patients (75 percent) were rated as having marked improvement or as being cured by all three members of the panel; 10 patients (25 percent) were rated as having no change or only slight improvement by one or more members of the panel. Interrater reliability was moderately positive, and intrarater reliability was highly positive. Thirty-seven patients or parents of patients (93 percent) responded to the questionnaire. The outcome was considered to be marked improvement or cured in 28 patients (76 percent), and nine respondents (24 percent) described only minor improvement or no change. Logistic regression analysis revealed that only male sex and number of sclerotherapeutic procedures were significant multivariate predictors of outcome. Size, location, tissues involved, morphology, or venous outflow were not determinant. In conclusion, sclerotherapy with ethanol or sodium tetradecyl sulfate is an effective and safe treatment for craniofacial venous malformations. Often, sclerotherapy has to be repeated. For extensive perioral malformations, combined sclerotherapy and resection give the best result.
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              Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma of infancy and childhood. An aggressive neoplasm associated with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome and lymphangiomatosis.

              We report the clinical and pathological features of nine distinctive, but relatively unknown, vascular tumors of infancy and childhood presenting as soft tissue masses often associated with locally aggressive disease, lymphangiomatosis and Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. The patients, four males and five females, were all in their first decade of life except for two (median, 2 years; range, 5 months to 19 years). These tumors involved deep soft tissues of the upper extremity (four cases), retroperitoneum (two cases), chest wall, scalp, and neck (one case each). Four patients also had Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, and three patients had lymphangiomatosis. Lymphangiomatosis consisted of diffusely infiltrating lymphangioma of soft tissue (three cases) and in two by the additional presence of bone lesions. In one of these three cases, lymphangiomatosis antedated the diagnosis of the vascular tumor, and in the remainder they were concurrently diagnosed. Tumors were characterized by infiltrating, interconnecting sheets or irregular nodules of slender endothelial cells lining crescentic or slit-like vessels and, less commonly, rounded capillary-type vessels. Within some tumors, nests of epithelioid endothelial cells with prominent eosinophilic cytoplasm containing finely granular hemosiderin, hyaline droplets, and cytoplasmic vacuoles were identified. Smaller amounts of hemosiderin were observed within the spindled endothelial cells and microthrombi could be seen occasionally within the tiny lumina. Nuclear atypia was minimal within these tumors and mitotic figures were infrequent, averaging 2 to 3/10 high-power fields (HPF) (range 0-7/10 HPF). Larger, well-formed feeding vessels were present at the periphery of the tumor. The endothelium of these vessels expressed factor VIII-AG, CD34, and bound Ulex europaeus, and contained an occasional perithelial cell expressing muscle-specific actin. In contrast, the spindled tumor cells expressed only CD34. Human papilloma virus (HPV)-16-like DNA transcripts, which have been identified in cases of Kaposi's sarcoma, were not detected by polymerase chain reaction in two cases. Follow-up information revealed that four patients were alive without disease after wide excision, multiple excision(s), or amputation (one case); three were alive with disease; and two died, one from lymphangiomatosis with respiratory compromise and the other from hemorrhage complicating Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. It appears that treatment should consist of wide local excision and supportive therapy for associated symptoms.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                asisna
                Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra
                Anales Sis San Navarra
                Gobierno de Navarra. Departamento de Salud (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                1137-6627
                2004
                : 27
                : suppl 1
                : 57-69
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidad de Navarra orgdiv1Clínica Universitaria orgdiv2Dpto. Oftalmología
                [02] Pamplona orgnameClínica San Miguel orgdiv1Dermatología
                Article
                S1137-66272004000200006
                d72c4de8-7b05-43c1-9d4f-f59a746693ce

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

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                Complicaciones,Hemangiomas,Malformaciones vasculares,Complications,Haemangiomas,Vascular malformations

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