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      Effects of Atrazine on Reproductive Health of Nondiabetic and Diabetic Male Rats

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          Abstract

          The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of low dose of atrazine on reproductive system of male Wistar rats. 16 rats were divided into four groups of four animals each. Group I (nondiabetic) and group III (diabetic) animals served as controls that received safflower oil (300  μL/kg bw/day), respectively. Group II (nondiabetic) and group IV (diabetic) animals received atrazine (300  μg/kg bw/day). Nonsignificant decrease in the activities of antioxidant and steroidogenic enzymes and sperm parameters suggests that atrazine did not produce any effect on reproductive system of rats. Histological findings also revealed that atrazine at a dose of 300  μg/kg bw did not produce any testicular toxic effects in nondiabetic and diabetic atrazine treated rats. Low dose of atrazine did not show reproductive toxicity in rats. To know the effects of atrazine in diabetic rats further studies have to be carried out with increased concentration of atrazine.

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          Selenium: biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase.

          J Rotruck, A. Pope, H E Ganther … (1973)
          When hemolyzates from erythrocytes of selenium-deficient rats were incubated in vitro in the presence of ascorbate or H(2)O(2), added glutathione failed to protect the hemoglobin from oxidative damage. This occurred because the erythrocytes were practically devoid of glutathione-peroxidase activity. Extensively purified preparations of glutathione peroxidase contained a large part of the (75)Se of erythrocytes labeled in vivo. Many of the nutritional effects of selenium can be explained by its role in glutathione peroxidase.
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            Combination of high-fat diet-fed and low-dose streptozotocin-treated rat: a model for type 2 diabetes and pharmacological screening.

            K. SRINIVASAN, B Viswanad, Lydia Asrat … (2005)
            The objective of the present study was to develop a rat model that replicates the natural history and metabolic characteristics of human type 2 diabetes and is also suitable for pharmacological screening. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (160-180 g) were divided into two groups and fed with commercially available normal pellet diet (NPD) (12% calories as fat) or in-house prepared high-fat diet (HFD) (58% calories as fat), respectively, for a period of 2 weeks. The HFD-fed rats exhibited significant increase in body weight, basal plasma glucose (PGL), insulin (PI), triglycerides (PTG) and total cholesterol (PTC) levels as compared to NPD-fed control rats. Besides, the HFD rats showed significant reduction in glucose disappearance rate (K-value) on intravenous insulin glucose tolerance test (IVIGTT). Hyperinsulinemia together with reduced glucose disappearance rate (K-value) suggested that the feeding of HFD-induced insulin resistance in rats. After 2 weeks of dietary manipulation, a subset of the rats from both groups was injected intraperitoneally with low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg kg(-1)). Insulin-resistant HFD-fed rats developed frank hyperglycemia upon STZ injection that, however, caused only mild elevation in PGL in NPD-fed rats. Though there was significant reduction in PI level after STZ injection in HFD rats, the reduction observed was only to a level that was comparable with NPD-fed control rats. In addition, the levels of PTG and PTC were further accentuated after STZ treatment in HFD-fed rats. In contrast, STZ (35 mg kg(-1), i.p.) failed to significantly alter PI, PTG and PTC levels in NPD-fed rats. Thus, these fat-fed/STZ-treated rats simulate natural disease progression and metabolic characteristics typical of individuals at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes because of insulin resistance and obesity. Further, the fat-fed/STZ-treated rats were found to be sensitive for glucose lowering effects of insulin sensitizing (pioglitazone) as well as insulinotropic (glipizide) agents. Besides, the effect of pioglitazone and glipizide on the plasma lipid parameters (PTG and PTC) was shown in these diabetic rats. The present study represents that the combination of HFD-fed and low-dose STZ-treated rat serves as an alternative animal model for type 2 diabetes simulating the human syndrome that is also suitable for testing anti-diabetic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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              The role of free radicals and antioxidants in reproduction.

              Ashok Agarwal, Sajal Gupta, Suresh Sikka (2006)
              This review summarizes the role of free radicals and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of human reproduction. An extensive review of the literature on the role of oxidative stress in influencing assisted reproduction and its outcome is described in this article. Free radicals or reactive oxygen species mediate their action through many of the proinflammatory cytokines and this mechanism has been proposed as a common underlying factor for endometriosis, ovarian cancer, polycystic ovary disease, and various other pathologies affecting the female reproductive process, as highlighted in this review. Oxidative stress, sperm DNA damage, and apoptosis have been implicated in male infertility. Elevated reactive oxygen species levels correlate with the poor fertility outcomes seen in the assisted reproductive technology setting. Oxidative stress has been implicated in male and female infertility, including fetal dysmorphogenesis, abortions, and intrauterine growth restriction. Accurate evaluation of seminal oxidative stress by standardized assays may help in the diagnosis and management of male infertility. There is evidence in the literature on the beneficial effects of oral antioxidant supplementation in male infertility. Current ongoing trials will provide answers on the safety and effectiveness of antioxidants in improving maternal and fetal outcomes. Further studies need to be conducted to determine if antioxidant supplementation will prevent fetal developmental defects in high-risk pregnancy with diabetes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int Sch Res Notices
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int Sch Res Notices
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ISRN
                Title: International Scholarly Research Notices
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Electronic): 2356-7872
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 October 2014
                Volume: 2014
                Electronic Location Identifier: 676013
                Affiliations
                Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Hamadi Fetoui

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6564-9415
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2014/676013
                PMC ID: 4897337
                PubMed ID: 27433493
                SO-VID: 56e03db4-5810-457a-9107-4b58bd35f640
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Dinesh Babu Jestadi et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 27 May 2014
                Date revision received : 25 July 2014
                Date accepted : 13 August 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

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