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      Maior Rigidez Arterial Prediz Doença Renal Crônica no Estudo de Coorte ELSA-Brasil Translated title: Higher Arterial Stiffness Predicts Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults: The ELSA-Brasil Cohort Study

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          Abstract

          Resumo Fundamento A rigidez arterial pode afetar diretamente os rins, que são perfundidos passivamente por alto fluxo. No entanto, determinar se a relação entre rigidez arterial e função renal depende das condições de diabetes e hipertensão é uma questão controversa. Objetivo Investigar a relação entre a rigidez arterial, por velocidade da onda de pulso carotídea-femoral (VOPcf), e a incidência de doença renal crônica (DRC) em indivíduos e verificar se essa associação está presente em indivíduos sem hipertensão e diabetes. Métodos Estudo longitudinal com 11.647 participantes do ELSA-Brasil acompanhados por quatro anos (2008/10-2012/14). A VOPcf basal foi agrupada por quartil, de acordo com pontos de corte específicos com relação a sexo. A presença de DRC foi verificada pela taxa de filtração glomerular (TFGe-CKD-EPI) < 60 ml/min/1,73 m2 e/ou relação albumina/creatinina ≥ 30 mg/g. Modelos de regressão logística foram executados para toda a coorte e uma subamostra livre de hipertensão e diabetes no início do estudo, após ajuste para idade, sexo, raça, escolaridade, tabagismo, relação colesterol/HDL, índice de massa corporal, diabetes, uso de anti-hipertensivos, pressão arterial sistólica, frequência cardíaca e doenças cardiovasculares. A significância estatística foi fixada em 5%. Resultados A chance de DRC foi de 42% (IC de 95%: 1,05;1,92) maior entre indivíduos no quartil superior da VOPcf. Entre os participantes normotensos e não diabéticos, os indivíduos do 2º, 3º e 4º quartis da VOPcf apresentaram maiores chances de desenvolver DRC, quando comparados aos do quartil inferior, sendo a magnitude dessa associação maior para aqueles do quartil superior (OR: 1,81 IC de 95%: 1,14;2,86). Conclusão A maior VOPcf aumentou as chances de DRC, e sugere que esse efeito é ainda maior em indivíduos sem diabetes e hipertensão.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background Arterial stiffening can directly affect the kidneys, which are passively perfused by a high flow. However, whether the relation between arterial stiffness and renal function depends on diabetes and hypertension conditions, is a matter of debate. Objective To investigate the relationship between arterial stiffening by carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) incidence in individuals and verify whether this association is present in individuals without hypertension and diabetes. Methods A longitudinal study of 11,647 participants of the ELSA-Brasil followed up for four years (2008/10-2012/14). Baseline cfPWV was grouped per quartile, according to sex-specific cut-offs. Presence of CKD was ascertained by glomerular filtration rate (eGFR-CKD-EPI) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g. Logistic regression models were run for the whole cohort and a subsample free from hypertension and diabetes at baseline, after adjustment for age, sex, race, schooling, smoking, cholesterol/HDL ratio, body mass index, diabetes, use of antihypertensive, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiovascular disease. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results The chance of CKD was 42% (CI 95%: 1.05;1.92) greater among individuals in the upper quartile of cfPWV. Among normotensive, non-diabetic participants, individuals in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles of cfPWV presented greater chances of developing CKD, as compared to those in the lower quartile, and the magnitude of this association was the greatest for those in the upper quartile (OR: 1.81 CI 95%: 1.14;2.86). Conclusion Higher cfPWV increased the chances of CKD and suggests that this effect is even greater in individuals without diabetes and hypertension.

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          Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization.

          End-stage renal disease substantially increases the risks of death, cardiovascular disease, and use of specialized health care, but the effects of less severe kidney dysfunction on these outcomes are less well defined. We estimated the longitudinal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) among 1,120,295 adults within a large, integrated system of health care delivery in whom serum creatinine had been measured between 1996 and 2000 and who had not undergone dialysis or kidney transplantation. We examined the multivariable association between the estimated GFR and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. The median follow-up was 2.84 years, the mean age was 52 years, and 55 percent of the group were women. After adjustment, the risk of death increased as the GFR decreased below 60 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area: the adjusted hazard ratio for death was 1.2 with an estimated GFR of 45 to 59 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 1.2), 1.8 with an estimated GFR of 30 to 44 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.7 to 1.9), 3.2 with an estimated GFR of 15 to 29 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 (95 percent confidence interval, 3.1 to 3.4), and 5.9 with an estimated GFR of less than 15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 (95 percent confidence interval, 5.4 to 6.5). The adjusted hazard ratio for cardiovascular events also increased inversely with the estimated GFR: 1.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 1.5), 2.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.9 to 2.1), 2.8 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.6 to 2.9), and 3.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 3.1 to 3.8), respectively. The adjusted risk of hospitalization with a reduced estimated GFR followed a similar pattern. An independent, graded association was observed between a reduced estimated GFR and the risk of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization in a large, community-based population. These findings highlight the clinical and public health importance of chronic renal insufficiency. Copyright 2004 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            Global Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

            Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health burden with a high economic cost to health systems and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). All stages of CKD are associated with increased risks of cardiovascular morbidity, premature mortality, and/or decreased quality of life. CKD is usually asymptomatic until later stages and accurate prevalence data are lacking. Thus we sought to determine the prevalence of CKD globally, by stage, geographical location, gender and age. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies estimating CKD prevalence in general populations was conducted through literature searches in 8 databases. We assessed pooled data using a random effects model. Of 5,842 potential articles, 100 studies of diverse quality were included, comprising 6,908,440 patients. Global mean(95%CI) CKD prevalence of 5 stages 13·4%(11·7–15·1%), and stages 3–5 was 10·6%(9·2–12·2%). Weighting by study quality did not affect prevalence estimates. CKD prevalence by stage was Stage-1 (eGFR>90+ACR>30): 3·5% (2·8–4·2%); Stage-2 (eGFR 60–89+ACR>30): 3·9% (2·7–5·3%); Stage-3 (eGFR 30–59): 7·6% (6·4–8·9%); Stage-4 = (eGFR 29–15): 0·4% (0·3–0·5%); and Stage-5 (eGFR<15): 0·1% (0·1–0·1%). CKD has a high global prevalence with a consistent estimated global CKD prevalence of between 11 to 13% with the majority stage 3. Future research should evaluate intervention strategies deliverable at scale to delay the progression of CKD and improve CVD outcomes.
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              Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

              The purpose of this study was to calculate robust quantitative estimates of the predictive value of aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) for future cardiovascular (CV) events and all-cause mortality by meta-analyses of longitudinal studies. Arterial stiffness is increasingly recognized as a surrogate end point for CV disease. We performed a meta-analysis of 17 longitudinal studies that evaluated aortic PWV and followed up 15,877 subjects for a mean of 7.7 years. The pooled relative risk (RR) of clinical events increased in a stepwise, linear-like fashion from the first to the third tertile of aortic PWV. The pooled RRs of total CV events, CV mortality, and all-cause mortality were 2.26 (95% confidence interval: 1.89 to 2.70, 14 studies), 2.02 (95% confidence interval: 1.68 to 2.42, 10 studies), and 1.90 (95% confidence interval: 1.61 to 2.24, 11 studies), respectively, for high versus low aortic PWV subjects. For total CV events and CV mortality, the RR was significantly higher in high baseline risk groups (coronary artery disease, renal disease, hypertension) compared with low-risk subjects (general population). An increase in aortic PWV by 1 m/s corresponded to an age-, sex-, and risk factor-adjusted risk increase of 14%, 15%, and 15% in total CV events, CV mortality, and all-cause mortality, respectively. An increase in aortic PWV by 1 SD was associated with respective increases of 47%, 47%, and 42%. Aortic stiffness expressed as aortic PWV is a strong predictor of future CV events and all-cause mortality. The predictive ability of arterial stiffness is higher in subjects with a higher baseline CV risk.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                abc
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
                Arq. Bras. Cardiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0066-782X
                1678-4170
                December 2023
                : 120
                : 12
                : e20230409
                Affiliations
                [1] Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                [2] Vitoria Espírito Santo orgnameUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo Brazil
                Article
                S0066-782X2023001200308 S0066-782X(23)12001200308
                10.36660/abc.20230409
                81e8d243-2436-4d01-9a8a-0df085e8b5a8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 June 2023
                : 04 October 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 39, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigo Original

                Insuficiência Renal Crônica,Rigidez Arterial,Taxa de Filtração Glomerular,Chronic Kidney Disease,Arterial Stiffness,Glomerular Filtration Rate

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