Continuation versus discontinuation of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: a prospective, randomised, open-label trial.

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Abstract

Biological considerations suggest that renin-angiotensin system inhibitors might influence the severity of COVID-19. We aimed to evaluate whether continuing versus discontinuing renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers) affects outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.

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Most cited references 31

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Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

Fei Zhou, Ting Yu, Ronghui Du … (2020)

Summary Background Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. Methods In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Findings 191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 1·10, 95% CI 1·03–1·17, per year increase; p=0·0043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (5·65, 2·61–12·23; p<0·0001), and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL (18·42, 2·64–128·55; p=0·0033) on admission. Median duration of viral shedding was 20·0 days (IQR 17·0–24·0) in survivors, but SARS-CoV-2 was detectable until death in non-survivors. The longest observed duration of viral shedding in survivors was 37 days. Interpretation The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future. Funding Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.

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SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

Markus Hoffmann, Hannah Kleine-Weber, Simon Schroeder … (2020)

Summary The recent emergence of the novel, pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (S) proteins to cellular receptors and on S protein priming by host cell proteases. Unravelling which cellular factors are used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Finally, we show that the sera from convalescent SARS patients cross-neutralized SARS-2-S-driven entry. Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention.

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Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Zunyou Wu, Jennifer M. McGoogan (2020)

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Lancet Respir Med

Title: The Lancet. Respiratory medicine

Publisher: Elsevier BV

ISSN (Electronic): 2213-2619

ISSN (Print): 2213-2600

Publication date (Electronic): March 2021

Volume: 9

Issue: 3

Affiliations

[1 ] Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

[2 ] Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

[3 ] Division of Cardiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.

[4 ] Department of Medicine, Hospital Nacional Carlos Alberto Seguín Escobedo, Arequipa, Peru.

[5 ] Department of Nephrology, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru.

[6 ] Department of Nephrology, Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal Sologuren, Lima, Peru.

[7 ] Hypertension Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Español de Mendoza, National University of Cuyo, IMBECU-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.

[8 ] Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.

[9 ] Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

[10 ] Unidad de VIH, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara and Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.

[11 ] Universidad Católica de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.

[12 ] Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Obrero number 3 Caja Nacional de Salud, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.

[13 ] Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Alberto Barton Thompson, Callao, Peru.

[14 ] Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

[15 ] Division of Cardiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.

[16 ] Departamento de Emergencia, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru.

[17 ] Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Español, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

[18 ] Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

[19 ] Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

[20 ] Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

[21 ] Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.

[22 ] Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

[23 ] Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: julio.chirinos@uphs.upenn.edu.

Article

Publisher Item ID: S2213-2600(20)30558-0

DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30558-0

PMC ID: 7832152

PubMed ID: 33422263

SO-VID: f1d075e4-1b1f-4c9e-8080-46f5b32fc7ea

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Continuation versus discontinuation of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: a prospective, randomised, open-label trial.

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 31

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

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Cited by 131

Most referenced authors 1,309

Continuation versus discontinuation of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: a prospective, randomised, open-label trial.

Read this article at

Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

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Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention