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      Tuberculosis and Sudden Death in Lithuania Translated title: Tuberkuliozė ir staigi mirtis Lietuvoje

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          Abstract

          Background

          Tuberculosis is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world. 10.6 million people fell ill in 2021 and 1.6 million died from the disease. Lithuania has the third-highest tuberculosis incidence rate per 100,000 and the second-highest mortality rate per 100,000 in EU/EEA countries. During 2015–2021 years, there were 799 deaths of pulmonary tuberculosis in Lithuania. However, the presence of pulmonary tuberculosis is often unknown before death and is only revealed during autopsy. The aim of the study is to review current literature on this topic and present statistical analysis on evaluated socioeconomical, epidemiological indicators, as well as autopsy findings that may suggest pulmonary tuberculosis infection.

          Materials and methods

          This research was designed as a retrospective study focusing on full forensic pathology autopsies between 2015 and 2021. Of these, 100 cases were randomly selected where the cause of death was tuberculosis diagnosed during post-mortem examination and compared to a control group consisting of 415 cases of sudden death.

          Results

          The study revealed that out of 100 pulmonary tuberculosis cases, 90% were male with the mean age of 53.48 ± 11.12 years old. In the case of sudden death where tuberculosis was found, a significant portion of the sample (91%) was not followed up at any medical institution. Regarding socioeconomic factors, a moderate negative correlation between Lithuania’s gross domestic product and tuberculosis distribution was observed, as well as a weak negative correlation between alcohol consumption (l per capita) in the general population and tuberculosis distribution. The lung weight of the pulmonary tuberculosis group was statistically significantly higher than that of the control group.

          Conclusions

          Tuberculosis remains a major problem in Lithuania and the combination of socioeconomic indicators determines the prevalence of tuberculosis in the country. In cases of sudden death, autopsy helps to identify tuberculosis cases that have not been clinically detected and ensures tuberculosis monitoring. Therefore, the person who performs autopsy remains at high risk of contracting tuberculosis. Furthermore, extreme caution is advised if higher lung weight or hardenings are seen during autopsy because of the possibility of tuberculosis.

          Translated abstract

          Įvadas

          Tuberkuliozė yra viena iš labiausiai paplitusiᶙ infekciniᶙ ligᶙ pasaulyje, ja 2021 m. susirgo 10,6 mln. žmoniᶙ, o nuo šios ligos mirė 1,6 mln. Lietuvoje sergamumo tuberkulioze rodikliai 100 000 gyventojᶙ yra treti pagal dažnį, o mirtingumo – antri pagal dažnį ES / EEE šalyse. 2015–2021 m. Lietuvoje nuo plaučiᶙ tuberkuliozės mirė 799 asmenys. Svarbu paminėti, kad apie sirgimą plaučiᶙ tuberkulioze dažnai gali būti nežinoma iki mirties ir buvus šią ligą paaiškėja tik autopsijos metu. Mūsᶙ tyrimo tikslas – apžvelgti naujausią literatūrą šia tema ir pateikti įvertintᶙ socialiniᶙ ir ekonominiᶙ, epidemiologiniᶙ rodikliᶙ, taip pat autopsijos duomenᶙ, galinčiᶙ rodyti plaučiᶙ tuberkuliozės infekciją, statistinę analizę.

          Medžiaga ir metodai

          Šiame perspektyviajame tyrime buvo analizuojamos 2015–2021 m. atliktos autopsijos. Iš jᶙ atsitiktine tvarka atrinkta 100 atvejᶙ, kai mirties priežastis buvo tuberkuliozė, diagnozuota atliekant autopsiją, ir palyginta su kontroline grupe, kurią sudarė 415 staigios mirties atvejᶙ.

          Rezultatai

          Tyrimas atskleidė, kad iš 100 plaučiᶙ tuberkulioze sirgusiᶙjᶙ atvejᶙ 90 % buvo vyrai, kuriᶙ amžiaus vidurkis – 53,48±11,12 metᶙ. Staigios mirties atveju, kai buvo nustatyta tuberkuliozė, didžioji dalis – 91 % tiriamᶙjᶙ nebuvo stebimi jokioje medicinos įstaigoje. Vertinant socialinius ir ekonominius veiksnius, nustatyta vidutinė neigiama Lietuvos bendrojo vidaus produkto ir tuberkuliozės paplitimo koreliacija, taip pat silpna neigiama alkoholio suvartojimo (vienam gyventojui) bendrojoje populiacijoje ir tuberkuliozės paplitimo koreliacija. Plaučiᶙ tuberkulioze sirgusiᶙjᶙ grupėje plaučiᶙ svoris buvo statistiškai reikšmingai didesnis nei kontrolinės grupės.

          Išvada

          Tuberkuliozė Lietuvoje išlieka didele problema, o jos paplitimą šalyje lemia socialiniᶙ ir ekonominiᶙ rodikliᶙ derinys. Staigios mirties atvejais autopsija padeda išaiškinti kliniškai nenustatytus tuberkuliozės atvejus ir užtikrina tuberkuliozės paplitimo stebėseną. Autopsiją atliekančiam asmeniui yra didelė rizika užsikrėsti tuberkulioze – jei autopsijos metu būna didesnis plaučiᶙ svoris ar pastebima sukietėjimᶙ, patariama elgtis atsargiai dėl padidėjusios tuberkuliozės tikimybės.

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          Most cited references23

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          • Abstract: found
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          Is Open Access

          Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for tuberculosis: meta-analyses and burden of disease

          Meta-analyses of alcohol use, alcohol dosage and alcohol-related problems as risk factors for tuberculosis incidence were undertaken. The global alcohol-attributable tuberculosis burden of disease was also re-estimated. Systematic searches were conducted, reference lists were reviewed and expert consultations were held to identify studies. Cohort and case-control studies were included if there were no temporal violations of exposure and outcome. Risk relations (RRs) were pooled by using categorical and dose-response meta-analyses. The alcohol-attributable tuberculosis burden of disease was estimated by using alcohol-attributable fractions. 36 of 1108 studies were included. RRs for alcohol use and alcohol-related problems were 1.35 (95% CI 1.09–1.68; I2: 83%) and 3.33 (95% CI 2.14–5.19; 87%), respectively. Concerning alcohol dosage, tuberculosis risk rose as ethanol intake increased, with evidence of a threshold effect. Alcohol consumption caused 22.02 incident cases (95% CI 19.70–40.77) and 2.35 deaths (95% CI 2.05–4.79) per 100 000 people from tuberculosis in 2014. Alcohol-attributable tuberculosis incidence increased between 2000 and 2014 in most high tuberculosis burden countries, whereas mortality decreased. Alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis in all meta-analyses. It was consequently a major contributor to the tuberculosis burden of disease.
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            Recent updates on drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

            Tuberculosis (TB) along with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and malaria rank among the top three fatal infectious diseases which pose threat to global public health, especially in middle and low income countries. TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an airborne infectious disease and one-third of the world's population gets infected with TB leading to nearly 1·6 million deaths annually. TB drugs are administered in different combinations of four first-line drugs (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) which form the core of treatment regimens in the initial treatment phase of 6-9 months. Several reasons account for the failure of TB therapy such as (i) late diagnosis, (ii) lack of timely and proper administration of effective drugs, (iii) lower availability of less toxic, inexpensive and effective drugs, (iv) long treatment duration, (v) nonadherence to drug regimen and (vi) evolution of drug-resistant TB strains. Drug-resistant TB poses a significant challenge to TB therapy and control programs. In the background of worldwide emergence of 558 000 new TB cases with resistance to rifampicin in the year 2017 and of them, 82% becoming multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), it is essential to continuously update the knowledge on the mechanisms and molecular basis for evolution of Mtb drug resistance. This narrative and traditional review summarizes the progress on the anti-tubercular agents, their mode of action and drug resistance mechanisms in Mtb. The aim of this review is to provide recent updates on drug resistance mechanisms, newly developed/repurposed anti-TB agents in pipeline and international recommendations to manage MDR-TB. It is based on recent literature and WHO guidelines and aims to facilitate better understanding of drug resistance for effective TB therapy and clinical management.
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              Role of apoptosis and autophagy in Tuberculosis.

              Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest known human diseases and is transmitted by the bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). TB has a rich history with evidence of TB infections dating back to 5,800 B.C. TB is unique in its ability to remain latent in an individual for decades, with the possibility of later reactivation, causing widespread systemic symptoms. Currently, it is estimated that more than one-third of the world's population (about 2 billion people) are infected with Mtb. Prolonged periods of therapy and complexity of treatment regimens, especially in active infection, have led to poor compliance in patients being treated for TB. Therefore, it is vitally important to have a thorough knowledge of the pathophysiology of Mtb to understand the disease progression, as well as to develop novel diagnostic tests and treatments. Alveolar macrophages represent both the primary host cell and the first line of defense against the Mtb infection. Apoptosis and autophagy of macrophages play a vital role in the pathogenesis, and also in the host defense against Mtb. This review will outline the role of these two cellular processes in defense against Mtb with particular emphasis on innate immunity and explore developing therapies aimed at altering host responses to the disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Med Litu
                Acta Med Litu
                amed
                Acta Medica Lituanica
                Vilnius University Press (Vilnius )
                1392-0138
                2029-4174
                31 July 2023
                2023
                : 30
                : 2
                : 152-162
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
                [2 ]Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author: Gintarė Zarembaitė, aculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, M. K. Čiurlionio str. 21/27, Lithuania, LT-03101. E-mail. gintare.zarembaite@ 123456mf.stud.vu.lt
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9104-9835
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-9887
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2501-7602
                Article
                amed-30-152
                10.15388/Amed.2023.30.2.7
                10952429
                38516517
                0c708c3d-7641-45a7-bfae-48e59a8ae277
                Copyright © 2023 Gintarė Zarembaitė, Gabrielė Žiūkaitė, Sigitas Chmieliauskas, Diana Vasiljevaitė, Sigitas Laima, Jurgita Stasiūnienė. Published by Vilnius University Press

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)

                History
                : 24 March 2023
                : 10 May 2023
                : 16 May 2023
                Categories
                Research Paper

                forensic science,pathology,sudden death,tuberculosis,mycobacterium,teismo medicina,patologija,staigi mirtis,tuberkuliozė

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