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      SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV/AIDS MORTALITY AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL Translated title: DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIO-TEMPORAL Y FACTORES ASOCIADOS A LA MORTALIDAD POR VIH/SIDA ENTRE JÓVENES DEL NORESTE DE BRASIL Translated title: DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPAÇO-TEMPORAL E FATORES ASSOCIADOS À MORTALIDADE POR HIV/AIDS ENTRE JOVENS NO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO

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          ABSTRACT Objective to analyze the spatial-temporal distribution and factors associated with HIV/AIDS mortality among young people in the Northeast from 2001 to 2020. Method ecological study with 2,509 deaths from HIV/AIDS from northeastern residents aged between 10 and 24 years of age, reported in the Mortality Information System. Temporal analysis techniques (Joinpoint) and detection of spatial clusters (Spatial Autocorrelation, Gets-Ord Gi* and Scan were used. Three spatial error and spatial lag (Spatial Error and Spatial Lag) and non-spatial regression models (Ordinary Least Squares-OLS) were used to identify the factors associated with mortality in northeastern municipalities, considering p<0.05. Results the HIV/AIDS mortality rate among young people in the northeast was 0.4 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. Maranhão (APC:7.1; CI95%:2.3-12.1), Sergipe (PcA:6.9; CI95%:1.8-12.2), Rio Grande do Norte (PcA:6.4; CI95%:1.8-11.2), Ceará (PcA:4.2; CI95%:1.5-7.0) and Alagoas (APC:3.2; CI95%:0.1-6.4) showed a significant increasing trend of deaths. Cluster detection techniques indicated clusters of deaths mainly on the coast of Pernambuco and north-central Maranhão. The indicators proportion of the population in households with density >2 (β=0.012; p<0.001) and per capita transfer of the continued benefit (β=0.000; p<0.001) showed a positive relationship with the outcome. On the other hand, the proportion of extremely poor people (β=-0.011; p=0.029) and the Brazilian Deprivation Index (β=-0.195; p=0.009) were negatively associated with mortality. Conclusion there was a trend of increased mortality in five of the nine northeastern states. The spatial clusters were located mainly in Pernambuco and North-Central Maranhão. Interventions aimed at socioeconomic factors should be established to prevent HIV infections and deaths among young people.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivo analizar la distribución espacio-temporal y los factores asociados a la mortalidad por VIH/SIDA entre jóvenes del Nordeste de 2001 a 2020. Método estudio ecológico con 2.509 muertes por VIH/SIDA de residentes del noreste con edades entre 10 y 24 años, reportadas en el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Se utilizaron técnicas de análisis temporal (Joinpoint) y detección de conglomerados espaciales (Spatial Autocorrelation, Gets-Ord Gi* y Scan). ) fueron utilizados para identificar los factores asociados a la mortalidad en las ciudades del noreste, considerando p<0,05. Resultados la tasa de mortalidad por VIH/SIDA entre los jóvenes del nordeste fue de 0,4 muertes por cada 100.000 habitantes. Maranhão (APC:7,1; IC95%:2,3-12,1), Sergipe (PcA:6,9; IC95%:1,8-12,2), Rio Grande do Norte (PcA:6,4; IC95%:1,8-11,2), Ceará (PcA:4,2 ; IC95%:1,5-7,0) y Alagoas (APC:3,2; IC95%:0,1-6,4) mostraron una tendencia significativamente creciente de muertes. Las técnicas de detección de conglomerados indicaron conglomerados de muertes principalmente en la costa de Pernambuco y el centro-norte de Maranhão. Los indicadores proporción de población en hogares con densidad >2 (β=0,012; p<0,001) y transferencia per cápita del beneficio de continuidad del beneficio (β=0,000; p<0,001) mostraron una relación positiva con el resultado. Por otro lado, la proporción de personas extremadamente pobres (β=-0,011; p=0,029) y el Índice de Carencia Brasileño (β=-0,195; p=0,009) se asociaron negativamente con la mortalidad. Conclusión hubo una tendencia de aumento de la mortalidad en cinco de los nueve estados del noreste. Los conglomerados espaciales se ubicaron principalmente en Pernambuco y en el centro-norte de Maranhão. Deben establecerse intervenciones dirigidas a los factores socioeconómicos para prevenir las infecciones por el VIH y las muertes entre los jóvenes.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Objetivo analisar a distribuição espaço-temporal e os fatores associados à mortalidade por HIV/Aids entre jovens no Nordeste de 2001 a 2020. Método estudo ecológico com 2.509 óbitos por HIV/Aids de nordestinos de 10 a 24 anos notificados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Empregou-se técnicas de análise temporal (Joinpoint) e de detecção de aglomerados espaciais (Autocorrelação espacial, Gets-Ord Gi* e varredura Scan). Empregou-se três modelos de regressão espacial (Spatial Error and Spatial Lag) e não espacial (Ordinary Least Squares-OLS) para identificação dos fatores associados à mortalidade nos municípios nordestinos, considerando-se p<0,05. Resultados a taxa de mortalidade por HIV/Aids entre jovens no Nordeste foi de 0,4 óbitos por 100.000 habitantes. Maranhão (APC:7,1; IC95%:2,3-12,1), Sergipe (APC:6,9; IC95%:1,8-12,2), Rio Grande do Norte (APC:6,4; IC95%:1,8-11,2), Ceará (APC:4,2; IC95%:1,5-7,0) e Alagoas (APC:3,2; IC95%:0,1-6,4) apresentaram tendência crescente significativa de mortes. As técnicas de detecção de clusters apontaram aglomerados de óbitos principalmente no litoral de Pernambuco e Centro-Norte maranhense. Os indicadores proporção da população em domicílios com densidade >2 (β=0,012; p<0,001) e transferência per capita do benefício de prestação continuada (β=0,000; p<0,001) apresentaram relação positiva com o desfecho. Em contrapartida, a proporção de pessoas extremamente pobres (β=-0,011; p=0,029) e o Índice Brasileiro de Privação (β=-0,195; p=0,009) apresentaram associação negativa com a mortalidade. Conclusão houve tendência de aumento da mortalidade em cinco dos nove estados nordestinos. Os clusters espaciais estiveram localizados, majoritariamente, no Pernambuco e Centro-norte maranhense. Intervenções direcionadas aos fatores socioeconômicos devem ser firmadas para prevenir as infecções e mortes por HIV entre jovens.

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          Mortality and Case Fatality Due to Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil: A Nationwide Analysis of Epidemiology, Trends and Spatial Patterns

          Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a significant public health problem in Brazil and several regions of the world. This study investigated the magnitude, temporal trends and spatial distribution of mortality related to VL in Brazil. Methods We performed a study based on secondary data obtained from the Brazilian Mortality Information System. We included all deaths in Brazil from 2000 to 2011, in which VL was recorded as cause of death. We present epidemiological characteristics, trend analysis of mortality and case fatality rates by joinpoint regression models, and spatial analysis using municipalities as geographical units of analysis. Results In the study period, 12,491,280 deaths were recorded in Brazil. VL was mentioned in 3,322 (0.03%) deaths. Average annual age-adjusted mortality rate was 0.15 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants and case fatality rate 8.1%. Highest mortality rates were observed in males (0.19 deaths/100,000 inhabitants), <1 year-olds (1.03 deaths/100,000 inhabitants) and residents in Northeast region (0.30 deaths/100,000 inhabitants). Highest case fatality rates were observed in males (8.8%), ≥70 year-olds (43.8%) and residents in South region (17.7%). Mortality and case fatality rates showed a significant increase in Brazil over the period, with different patterns between regions: increasing mortality rates in the North (Annual Percent Change – APC: 9.4%; 95% confidence interval – CI: 5.3 to 13.6), and Southeast (APC: 8.1%; 95% CI: 2.6 to 13.9); and increasing case fatality rates in the Northeast (APC: 4.0%; 95% CI: 0.8 to 7.4). Spatial analysis identified a major cluster of high mortality encompassing a wide geographic range in North and Northeast Brazil. Conclusions Despite ongoing control strategies, mortality related to VL in Brazil is increasing. Mortality and case fatality vary considerably between regions, and surveillance and control measures should be prioritized in high-risk clusters. Early diagnosis and treatment are fundamental strategies for reducing case fatality of VL in Brazil.
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            Spatial analysis of factors associated with HIV infection in Malawi: indicators for effective prevention

            Background The objective of this study was to model the predictors of HIV prevalence in Malawi through a complex sample logistic regression and spatial mapping approach using the national Demographic and Health Survey datasets. Methods We conducted a secondary data analysis using the 2015–2016 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey and AIDS Indicator Survey. The analysis was performed in three stages while incorporating population survey sampling weights to: i) interpolate HIV data, ii) identify the spatial clusters with the high prevalence of HIV infection, and iii) perform a multivariate complex sample logistic regression. Results In all, 14,779 participants were included in the analysis with an overall HIV prevalence of 9% (7.0% in males and 10.8% in females). The highest prevalence was found in the southern region of Malawi (13.2%), and the spatial interpolation revealed that the HIV epidemic is worse at the south-eastern part of Malawi. The districts in the high HIV prevalent zone of Malawi are Thyolo, Zomba, Mulanje, Phalombe and Blantyre. In central and northern region, the district HIV prevalence map identified Lilongwe in the central region and Karonga in the northern region as districts that equally deserve attention. People residing in urban areas had a 2.2 times greater risk of being HIV-positive compared to their counterparts in the rural areas (AOR = 2.16; 95%CI = 1.57–2.97). Other independent predictors of HIV prevalence were gender, age, marital status, number of lifetime sexual partners, extramarital partners, the region of residence, condom use, history of STI in the last 12 months, and household wealth index. Disaggregated analysis showed in-depth sociodemographic regional variations in HIV prevalence. Conclusion These findings identify high-risk populations and regions to be targeted for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) campaigns, HIV testing, treatment and education to decrease incidence, morbidity, and mortality related to HIV infection in Malawi.
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              Temporal pattern of tuberculosis cure, mortality, and treatment abandonment in Brazilian capitals

              Objective: to analyze the temporal pattern of tuberculosis cure, mortality, treatment abandonment in Brazilian capitals. Method: this is an ecological study whose data source was the Information System of Notifiable Diseases for Tuberculosis (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação para Tuberculose). For analysis of temporal evolution, regressions by join points were performed considering the annual percentage variation and the significance of the trend change with 95% confidence interval. Results: 542,656 cases of tuberculosis were found, with emphasis on a 3% decrease per year in the cure rate for Campo Grande (interval: −5.0 - −0.9) and a 3.5% increase for Rio de Janeiro (interval: 1.9 - 4.7). Regarding abandonment, it decreased 10.9% per year in Rio Branco (interval: −15.8 - −5.7) and increased 12.8% per year in Fortaleza (interval: 7.6 - 18.3). For mortality, a decreasing or stationary tendency was identified, with a greater decrease (7.8%) for Porto Velho (interval:−11.0 - −5.0) and a lower one (2.5%) in Porto Alegre (interval:−4.5 - −0.6). Conclusion: the rates of cure and abandonment are far from the ones recommended by the World Health Organization, showing that Brazilian capitals need interventions aimed at changing this pattern.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                tce
                Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem
                Texto contexto - enferm.
                Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós Graduação em Enfermagem (, SC, Brazil )
                0104-0707
                1980-265X
                2023
                : 32
                : e20220211
                Affiliations
                [1] Fortaleza Ceará orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Ceará orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cuidados Clínicos em Enfermagem e Saúde Brazil
                [2] Parnaíba Piauí orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Piauí Brazil
                Article
                S0104-07072023000100316 S0104-0707(23)03200000316
                10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2022-0211en
                53255294-f7ce-4eb0-9456-9ed5e574982d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 September 2022
                : 05 December 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Revista de Enfermagem

                Categories
                Original Article

                Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida,Análisis espacial,Mortalidad,Epidemiología,Estudios ecológicos,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,Spatial analysis,Mortality,Epidemiology,Ecological Studies,Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida,Análise espacial,Mortalidade,Epidemiologia,Estudos ecológicos

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