- Record: found
- Abstract: found
- Article: found
The Impact of the Russian Revolution 1917 on the Turkish Left through the Experiences of Three Leading Communists
Content
Author and article information
Notes
Marx/Engels Selected Works , vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1969): 98–137; Manifesto of Communist Party , JiaHu Books (2013), 14.
Lenin, Collected Works , vol. 15 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1973): 220–230.
E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 , (London: Penguin, 1972), Vol. 3, 298–299.
Hamit Erdem, Mustafa Suphi: Bir Yaşam Bir ölüm (3. bas.). (İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık, Aralık 2010): s. 17.
E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 , 300–301.
George S. Harris, The Origin of Communism in Turkey (Stanford: Hoover Institution Publication, 1967).
Ivan Spector, The Soviet Union and the Muslim World, 1917–1958 , (Washington: University of Washington Press, 1959).
Bulent Gokay, A Clash of Empires: Turkey Between Russian Bolshevism and British Imperialism, 1918–23 (London: I.B. Tauris, 1997); B. Gokay, Soviet Eastern Policy and Turkey, 1920–1991: Soviet Foreign Policy, Turkey and Communism (London: Routledge, 2006).
Emrah Celasun, Mustafa Suphi'yle Yoldaşlarını Kim öldürdü? (Istanbul: Agora yayinlari, 2008).
Yavuz Aslan, Turkiye Komunist Firkasi'nin Kurulusu ve Mustafa Suphi , 1997 (Turk Tarih Kurumu); Ali Birinci, Tarihin Golgesinde (Dergah Yayinlari, 2001).
Ryan Gingeras, Fall of the Sultanate. The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1908–1922 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016): 98.
Mete Tuncay, Turkiye'de Sol Akimlar , vol. 1 (Istanbul: Iletisim, 2009): 32–61.
Enver Pasha [Enver Paşa] (born on 22 November 1881, Constantinople [now Istanbul], Turkey — died on 4 August 1922, near Baldzhuan, Turkistan [now in Tajikistan]), was Ottoman general and commander in chief, a hero of the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, and a leading member of the Ottoman government from 1913 to 1918. He played a key role in the Ottoman entry into the First World War on the side of Germany, and, after the Ottoman defeat in 1918, he attempted to organize the Turkic peoples of Central Asia against the Soviets. (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Enver-Pasa)
Talat Paşa, in full Mehmed Talat Paşa, (born 1874, Edirne, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] - died 15 March 1921, Berlin, Germany), leader of the Young Turks, Ottoman statesman, grand vizier (1917–1918), and leading member of the Ottoman government from 1913 to 1918. Mehmed Talat Paşa (1874–1921) (also known as Talaat Bey) was the principal architect of the Armenian Genocide. Born in Edirne (Adrianople), Talaat became a telegrapher at a young age. He was active in the Young Turk movement seeking to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid (Abdulhamit) II. He joined the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and quickly emerged as a leader in the secret organization. His profession gave him access to the principal means of communication in his era and his assignment as Chief Secretary of Posts and Telegraphs in Salonika (now Thessaloniki, Greece) placed him at the hub of Turkish revolutionary plotting. After the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, Talaat became one of the most influential politicians of the Ottoman Empire. In 1909 he was appointed Minister of the Interior and then Minister of Posts. By 1912, he was Secretary General of the CUP, which the following year seized complete power in the Ottoman Empire. The 1913 coup saw the rise of the so-called Young Turk triumvirate consisting of Talaat as Minister of the Interior, Enver as Minister of War, and Jemal as Minister of the Marine. (http://www.armenian-genocide.org/talaat.html)
E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 , 246; Erik J. Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History , rev. ed. (London: I.B. Tauris, 1992): 120, 134.
Emel Akal, “Rusyada Subat ve Ekim Devrimlerinin Turkiye'ye Etkileri/Yansimalari,” in Modern Turkiyede Siyasi Dusunce , vol. 8 (SOL) (Istanbul: Iletisim, 2007): 114–164.
Erik J. Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History , 135.
Bulent Gokay, “The Turkish Communist Party: The Fate of the Founders”, Middle Eastern Studies , vol. 29, no. 2, April 1993, pp. 220–235.
Mustafa Suphi was a Turkish communist leader (1883 in Giresun — 29 January 1921, on the Black Sea). In July 1918, he helped to organize the Congress of the Turkish Left Socialists, held in Moscow, and in November became involved in Muskom. He was also elected to the Central Committee of the All Russia Muslim Workers section of Narkomnats. He acted as Mirsäyet SoltanǦäliev's secretary. He was chairperson of the Turkish Section of Eastern Publicity Bureau, and in 1919 attended the First Congress of the Third International as the delegate for Turkey. That year he also founded “Yeni Dünya” (New World), which he used to popularize the foundations of scientific socialism amongst Turkish POWs.
Tariq Ali, The Dilemmas of Lenin (London; Verso, 2017): 7–10.
Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich (1856—1918), born on 29 November 1856 and died on 17 May 1918, was one of the founders of the first Marxist organization in Russia: the Emancipation of Labour group, Plekhanov had at one time been a member of the Peoples Will party. After the dissolution of the Emancipation of Labour group, Plekhanov later joined the Russian Social-Democratic party, Lenin admired Plekhanov as the founder of Russian Marxism and strove to master the revolutionary activity and party building Plekhanov had begun.
G. V. Plekhanov, “On the Role of the Individual in History (1898),” in Selected Works of G.V. Plekhanov , vol. II (Lawrence & Wishart, 1961).
Birinci, Tarihin Golgesinde , 203–204.
Teskilat-i Mahsusa (Turkish “special organization”) was an organization in the Ottoman War Department, made up of special forces and head of counterintelligence and the predecessor of modern Turkey's security forces. Teskilat-i Mahsusa was also in charge of the execution of the massacre of the Armenian population. In addition to trained agents and soldiers, the organization consisted of pardoned murderers, rapists and other criminals who were released from prison, received a short weapon training and put in special units, which participated in the massacres of the Armenians.
Behaeddin Shakir or Bahaeddin Shakir (Ottoman Turkish: Modern Turkish: Bahattin şakir; 1874, Istanbul — 17 April 1922) was a founding member of the CUP. At the end of the First World War, he was detained with other members of the CUP, first by the local Ottoman court martial and then by the British government. He was then sent to Malta pending military trials for crimes against humanity, which never materialized, and was subsequently exchanged by the British for hostages held by Turkish forces. Behaeddin Shakir was claimed to be the central figure of the Teşkilat-i Mahsusa (Special Organization). [1] He was considered one of the architects of the Armenian Genocide, [2] and this is sometimes used as proof of a state organized genocide using the tehcir (deportations) process of the Tehcir Law.
Birinci, Tarihin Golgesinde , 205; Emel Akal, “TKP'de Dr. Fuat Sabit Fraksiyonu,” in 1920 21'ler Türkiyesi ve Mustafa Suphi'lerin dönüşü, Sempozyum, Istanbul, 2004.
Birinci, Tarihin Golgesinde , 206.
Birinci, Tarihin Golgesinde , 203–220.
Musa Kâzım Karabekir (23 July 1882 to 26 January 1948) was a Turkish general and politician. He was the commander of the Eastern Army of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the First World War and served as Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey before his death.
Gokay, Clash of Empires , 81.
Emel, “TKP'de Dr. Fuat Sabit Fraksiyonu.”
Bulent Gokay, Clash of Empires , 81.
Emel, “TKP'de Dr. Fuat Sabit Fraksiyonu.”
Ordzhonikidze, Gregory (Sergo) (1886—1937) Old Georgian Bolshevik; During the Russian Civil War of 1917–23 Ordzhonikidze fought against the anti-Bolshevik White Army in the Caucasus. He personally participated in overthrowing anti-communist governments in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Sergo Ordzhonikidze was responsible for establishing the so-called Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic . It was not easy to present the new Soviet power to countries that were attempting to form their own federal states. But Ordzhonikidze often used reprisals against the locals and in March 1922 the area became part of the union. He helped to organize the Stalin faction, and was later put in charge of heavy industry. Although he remained a faithful Stalinist, the circumstances surrounding his death are not known.
Boris Vasilyevich Legran or Legrand (1884—1936) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet official who represented the interests of the Russian SFSR in Armenia and Transcaucasia, during the 1920s and worked as a consular official in China during the 1920s. He also was the director of the State Hermitage Museum in Leningrad in 1931–34.
Ali, The Dilemmas of Lenin , 2, 3, 8, 9, 13, 28.
Suleyman Nuri, Uyanan Esirler (Istanbul: Tustav, 2002).
Fethi Tevetoglu, Turkiye'de Sosyalist ve Komunist Faaliyetler (Ankara, 1967), 276; Birinci, Tarihin Golgesinde , 213; Nuri, Uyanan Esirler , 313.
Erden Akbulut, “Suleyman Nuri'nin Sahsi Dosyasi,” in Mete Tuncay'a Armagan , 371–390.
Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan (born on 25 November [13 November, old style] 1895, Sanain, Armenia — died on 21 October 1978, Moscow), Old Bolshevik and highly influential Soviet statesman who dominated the supervision of foreign and domestic trade during the administrations of Joseph Stalin and Nikita S. Khrushchev.
Abilov — This may refer to Ibrahim Manarramoghh Abilov (1881—1923), member of Azerbaijani Hümmet (Equality) party and Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) from 1905; emigrated to Persia 1908; editor of Baki hayati 1912; deputy to Azerbaijani Parliament 1918–20; joined Azerbaijan CP 1920; appointed diplomatic representative of Soviet Azerbaijan in Turkey 1921.
Nuri, Uyanan Esirler .
Emel Akal, Modern Turkiyede Siyasi Dusunce , vol. 8 SOL (Iletisim, 2007): 135; Emel, “TKP'de Dr. Fuat Sabit Fraksiyonu.”
Simon Ferag Montefiorie, Stalin: The Court of the Red Star (New York, 2003): 7.
Birinci, Tarihin Golgesinde , 418–428.
Nuri, Uyanan Esirler ; Akbulut, “Suleyman Nuri'nin Sahsi Dosyasi.”
Mihri Belli, Proleter Devrimci Bir Kimlik: Sefik Husnu Deymer (Istanbul: Bibliotek, 1989); Erden Akbulut (ed.), Dr. Sefik Husnu Deymer, Yasam Oykusu, Vazife Yazilari (Istanbul: Tustav-Sosyal Tarih Yayinlari, 2010): 9–24.
Dimitrov, Georgi Mikhailovich (1882—1949) born in 18 June 1882, in Kovachevtsi, Bulgaria; died 2 July 1949, near Moscow, USSR. On 27 February 1933, the newly elected leader of the Nazi party, Adolf Hitler, convicted Dimitrov and scores of other Communists as responsible for setting fire to the German parliament building, the Reichstag. Dimitrov was arrested and put to trial at Leipzig. Dimitrov's aggressive defense coupled with world-wide attention on the proceedings of the trial, caused the court to find him not guilty and he was released.
RGASPI (The Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History) f. 495, op. 266, d. 38, in Akbulut, Sefik Husnu , 55–59.
Pg.61, Polyakov report.
Manuilski decision, pgs.76–77.
Pg.79.
Pgs.83–84.
Mihri Belli (December 1915 to 16 August 2011) was a prominent leader of the socialist movement in Turkey. He was legendary for having fought on the partisan side in the Greek Civil War. Belli was repeatedly prosecuted and sentenced to prison for his political views, and was altogether imprisoned for 11 years, and forced into exile for another 18. Belli wrote several influential books on the Turkish left and was, for many years, a source of inspiration for leftist Turkish youths.
Mihri Belli, Insanlar Tanidim (Dogan, 2012): 235.
Akbulut, Sefik Husnu , 85–86.
RGASPI (The Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History) Mihri Belli autobiography, op.128, d.178, 10 December 1946 in Akbulut, Sefik Husnu , 86–92.
Benjamin Carter Hett, Burning the Reichstag: An Investigation into the Third Reich's Enduring Mystery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014): 23; Marietta Stankova, Georgi Dimitrov (I.B. Tauris, 2010): 103–111.