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      The Myth of Man the Hunter: Women’s contribution to the hunt across ethnographic contexts

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          Abstract

          The sexual division of labor among human foraging populations has typically been recognized as involving males as hunters and females as gatherers. Recent archeological research has questioned this paradigm with evidence that females hunted (and went to war) throughout the Homo sapiens lineage, though many of these authors assert the pattern of women hunting may only have occurred in the past. The current project gleans data from across the ethnographic literature to investigate the prevalence of women hunting in foraging societies in more recent times. Evidence from the past one hundred years supports archaeological finds from the Holocene that women from a broad range of cultures intentionally hunt for subsistence. These results aim to shift the male-hunter female-gatherer paradigm to account for the significant role females have in hunting, thus dramatically shifting stereotypes of labor, as well as mobility.

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          D-PLACE: A Global Database of Cultural, Linguistic and Environmental Diversity

          Kathryn R Kirby, Russell D. Gray, Simon Greenhill … (2016)
          From the foods we eat and the houses we construct, to our religious practices and political organization, to who we can marry and the types of games we teach our children, the diversity of cultural practices in the world is astounding. Yet, our ability to visualize and understand this diversity is limited by the ways it has been documented and shared: on a culture-by-culture basis, in locally-told stories or difficult-to-access repositories. In this paper we introduce D-PLACE, the Database of Places, Language, Culture, and Environment. This expandable and open-access database (accessible at https://d-place.org) brings together a dispersed corpus of information on the geography, language, culture, and environment of over 1400 human societies. We aim to enable researchers to investigate the extent to which patterns in cultural diversity are shaped by different forces, including shared history, demographics, migration/diffusion, cultural innovations, and environmental and ecological conditions. We detail how D-PLACE helps to overcome four common barriers to understanding these forces: i) location of relevant cultural data, (ii) linking data from distinct sources using diverse ethnonyms, (iii) variable time and place foci for data, and (iv) spatial and historical dependencies among cultural groups that present challenges for analysis. D-PLACE facilitates the visualisation of relationships among cultural groups and between people and their environments, with results downloadable as tables, on a map, or on a linguistic tree. We also describe how D-PLACE can be used for exploratory, predictive, and evolutionary analyses of cultural diversity by a range of users, from members of the worldwide public interested in contrasting their own cultural practices with those of other societies, to researchers using large-scale computational phylogenetic analyses to study cultural evolution. In summary, we hope that D-PLACE will enable new lines of investigation into the major drivers of cultural change and global patterns of cultural diversity.
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            Social learning among Congo Basin hunter-gatherers.

            Barry S. Hewlett, Hillary Fouts, Adam H Boyette … (2011)
            This paper explores childhood social learning among Aka and Bofi hunter-gatherers in Central Africa. Existing literature suggests that hunter-gatherer social learning is primarily vertical (parent-to-child) and that teaching is rare. We use behavioural observations, open-ended and semi-structured interviews, and informal and anecdotal observations to examine the modes (e.g. vertical versus horizontal/oblique) and processes (e.g. teaching versus observation and imitation) of cultural transmission. Cultural and demographic contexts of social learning associated with the modes and processes of cultural transmission are described. Hunter-gatherer social learning occurred early, was relatively rapid, primarily vertical under age 5 and oblique and horizontal between the ages of 6 and 12. Pedagogy and other forms of teaching existed as early as 12 months of age, but were relatively infrequent by comparison to other processes of social learning such as observation and imitation.
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              Why Do Men Hunt?

              Kim Hill, Michael Gurven (2009)
              Article 0 comments Cited 65 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Abigail Anderson: Role: Data curationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Sophia Chilczuk: Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Kaylie Nelson: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Roxanne Ruther: Role: Data curation
                Cara Wall-Scheffler:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-0476
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Raven Garvey: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Title: PLOS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 June 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0287101
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Biology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
                [2 ] Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
                University of Michigan, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-0476
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-23-03889
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287101
                PMC ID: 10306201
                PubMed ID: 37379261
                SO-VID: ffb01d40-2f55-4b67-a7ee-617d52c21f93
                Copyright © © 2023 Anderson et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 10 February 2023
                Date accepted : 30 May 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Pages: 11
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Hunting Behavior
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Hunting Behavior
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Zoology
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Hunting Behavior
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Foraging
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Foraging
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Zoology
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Foraging
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Vertebrates
                Subject: Amniotes
                Subject: Mammals
                Subject: Dogs
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Zoology
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Vertebrates
                Subject: Amniotes
                Subject: Mammals
                Subject: Dogs
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Archaeology
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleoanthropology
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleoanthropology
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Anthropology
                Subject: Physical Anthropology
                Subject: Paleoanthropology
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physical Anthropology
                Subject: Paleoanthropology
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Culture
                Subject: Engineering and Technology
                Subject: Equipment
                Subject: Weapons
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Geology
                Subject: Geologic Time
                Subject: Cenozoic Era
                Subject: Quaternary Period
                Subject: Holocene Epoch
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting information files.

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