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      Origin, evolution and strategies for the genetic improvement of physalis Translated title: Origem, evolução e estratégias para o melhoramento genético de fisális

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT: Physalisperuviana L. (physalis) has significant economic potential by virtue of the unique flavor of its fruit. However, the productivity of Brazilian plantations is low because of the limited number of varieties or cultivars available. The main obstacle in the selection of superior genotypes is the lack of information about genetic variability within- and between- populations and limited genetic basis that has likely resulted from evolutionary, domestication and selection processes of the natural or artificial populations. Physalis currently cultivated in Brazil is tetraploid, and such polyploidy may have led to the reproductive isolation of the species, preventing the occurrence of intraspecific hybridization. Moreover, cultivated populations derive from a common gene pool and have undergone a long process of domestication and selection carried out empirically by farmers. In Colombia and other Andean countries there are wild populations that exhibit genetic diversity which; although, fundamental for the conservation of the species, have low potential for the development of genotypes with superior agronomic traits. In order to create and expand the genetic variability of physalis, breeders have employed various strategies including induction of mutation, chromosome duplication, and interspecific and intraspecific hybridization. Furthermore, the production of double haploid lines from in vitro anther cultures has shown good results in the selection of hybrids. The mutant genotypes and/or hybrids obtained using these methods in association with those of wide genomic selection can generate cultivars with superior agronomic traits.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO: Physalis peruviana L. (fisális) apresenta grande potencial econômico devido ao sabor diferenciado de seus frutos. A produtividade dos pomares brasileiros é baixa em função do número limitado de variedades ou cultivares disponíveis. O principal entrave na seleção de genótipos superiores é a falta de informação sobre a variabilidade genética dentro e entre as populações de fisális e, possivelmente, a base genética limitada das mesmas, que pode ser explicada pelos processos evolutivos, de domesticação e de seleção das populações naturais ou artificiais. A fisális cultivada atualmente no Brasil é tetraploide e tal poliploidia pode ter levado ao isolamento reprodutivo da espécie, o qual impede a ocorrência de hibridação intraespecífica. As populações cultivadas provêm de um pool genético comum e, além disso, sofreram um longo processo de domesticação e seleção realizadas empiricamente pelos agricultores. Porém, na Colômbia e em outros países andinos existem populações silvestres que exibem diversidade genética que, embora sejam fundamentais para a conservação da espécie, apresentam baixo potencial para o desenvolvimento de genótipos com características agronômicas superiores. A fim de criar e ampliar a variabilidade genética de fisális, os melhoristas tem empregado várias estratégias incluindo a indução de mutação, a duplicação cromossômica e a hibridação inter e intraespecífica. Além disso, a produção de linhagens duplo-haploides a partir da cultura de anterasin vitro vem demonstrando bons resultados para a seleção de híbridos. Os genótipos mutantes e/ou híbridos obtidos através dos métodos citados em associação com os de seleção genômica ampla podem gerar cultivares com características agronômicas superiores.

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          The evolutionary significance of polyploidy

          Polyploidy occurs frequently but is usually detrimental to survival; thus, few polyploids survive in the long term. Here, evidence linking the short-term evolutionary success of polyploids to environmental upheaval is reviewed and possible longer-term evolutionary benefits of polyploidy are discussed.
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            The polyploidy and its key role in plant breeding.

            This article provides an up-to-date review concerning from basic issues of polyploidy to aspects regarding the relevance and role of both natural and artificial polyploids in plant breeding programs. Polyploidy is a major force in the evolution of both wild and cultivated plants. Polyploid organisms often exhibit increased vigor and, in some cases, outperform their diploid relatives in several aspects. This remarkable superiority of polyploids has been the target of many plant breeders in the last century, who have induced polyploidy and/or used natural polyploids in many ways to obtain increasingly improved plant cultivars. Some of the most important consequences of polyploidy for plant breeding are the increment in plant organs ("gigas" effect), buffering of deleterious mutations, increased heterozygosity, and heterosis (hybrid vigor). Regarding such features as tools, cultivars have been generated with higher yield levels, improving the product quality and increasing the tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. In some cases, when the crossing between two species is not possible because of differences in ploidy level, polyploids can be used as a bridge for gene transferring between them. In addition, polyploidy often results in reduced fertility due to meiotic errors, allowing the production of seedless varieties. On the other hand, the genome doubling in a newly formed sterile hybrid allows the restoration of its fertility. Based on these aspects, the present review initially concerns the origin, frequency and classification of the polyploids, progressing to show the revolution promoted by the discovery of natural polyploids and polyploidization induction in the breeding program status of distinct crops.
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              Physalis peruviana Linnaeus, the multiple properties of a highly functional fruit: A review

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cr
                Ciência Rural
                Cienc. Rural
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria, RS, Brazil )
                0103-8478
                1678-4596
                2023
                : 53
                : 7
                : e20210742
                Affiliations
                [2] Caçador Santa Catarina orgnameUniversidade Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe Brazil
                [1] Lages Santa Catarina orgnameUniversidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Brazil
                [3] Curitibanos Santa Catarina orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina Brazil
                Article
                S0103-84782023000700404 S0103-8478(23)05300700404
                10.1590/0103-8478cr20210742
                ff5810a9-62d5-438e-8427-b9d2d5949c41

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 August 2022
                : 18 October 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 63, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Biology

                General life sciences
                duplicação crômossomica,hibridação interespecífica e intraespecífica,Solanaceae,genetic improvement,mutagenesis,chromosomal duplication,interspecific and intraspecific hybridization,melhoramento genético,mutagênesis

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