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      Ginseng: An Nonnegligible Natural Remedy for Healthy Aging

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          Abstract

          Aging is an irreversible physiological process that affects all humans. Numerous theories have been proposed to regarding the process from a Western medicine perspective; however, ancient Chinese medicine practices and theories have increasingly gained attention, particularly ginseng, a grass that has been studied for the anti-aging properties of its active constituents. This review seeks to analyze current data on ginseng and its anti-aging properties. The plant species, characteristics, and active ingredients will be introduced. The main part of this review is focused on ginseng and its active components with regards to their effects on prolonging lifespan, the regulation of multiple organ systems including cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and skin, as well as the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The molecular mechanisms of these properties elucidated via various studies are summarized as further evidence of the anti-aging effects of ginseng.

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          Most cited references125

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          Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions.

          Ginseng is a highly valued herb in the Far East and has gained popularity in the West during the last decade. There is extensive literature on the beneficial effects of ginseng and its constituents. The major active components of ginseng are ginsenosides, a diverse group of steroidal saponins, which demonstrate the ability to target a myriad of tissues, producing an array of pharmacological responses. However, many mechanisms of ginsenoside activity still remain unknown. Since ginsenosides and other constituents of ginseng produce effects that are different from one another, and a single ginsenoside initiates multiple actions in the same tissue, the overall pharmacology of ginseng is complex. The ability of ginsenosides to independently target multireceptor systems at the plasma membrane, as well as to activate intracellular steroid receptors, may explain some pharmacological effects. This commentary aims to review selected effects of ginseng and ginsenosides and describe their possible modes of action. Structural variability of ginsenosides, structural and functional relationship to steroids, and potential targets of action are discussed.
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            Ageing and neuronal vulnerability.

            Everyone ages, but only some will develop a neurodegenerative disorder in the process. Disease might occur when cells fail to respond adaptively to age-related increases in oxidative, metabolic and ionic stress, thereby resulting in the accumulation of damaged proteins, DNA and membranes. Determinants of neuronal vulnerability might include cell size and location, metabolism of disease-specific proteins and a repertoire of signal transduction pathways and stress resistance mechanisms. Emerging evidence on protein interaction networks that monitor and respond to the normal ageing process suggests that successful neural ageing is possible for most people, but also cautions that cures for neurodegenerative disorders are unlikely in the near future.
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              Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications.

              Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines and is reported to have a wide range of therapeutic and pharmacological applications. Ginsenosides, the major pharmacologically active ingredients of ginseng, appear to be responsible for most of the activities of ginseng including vasorelaxation, antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer. Approximately 40 ginsenoside compounds have been identified. Researchers now focus on using purified individual ginsenoside to reveal the specific mechanism of functions of ginseng instead of using whole ginseng root extracts. Individual ginsenosides may have different effects in pharmacology and mechanisms due to their different chemical structures. Among them the most commonly studied ginsenosides are Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Re, Rd and Rh1. The molecular mechanisms and medical applications of ginsenosides have attracted much attention and hundreds of papers have been published in the last few years. The general purpose of this update is to provide information of recently described effects of ginsenosides on antioxidation, vascular system, signal transduction pathways and interaction with receptors. Their therapeutic applications in animal models and humans as well as the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of ginsenosides are also discussed in this review. This review concludes with some thoughts for future directions in the further development of ginseng compounds as effective therapeutic agents.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Aging Dis
                Aging Dis
                Aging and Disease
                JKL International LLC
                2152-5250
                December 2017
                1 December 2017
                : 8
                : 6
                : 708-720
                Affiliations
                [1-ad-8-6-708] 1Department of Herbal Formula Science, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
                [2-ad-8-6-708] 2Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Yong Yang and Dr. XiaoDan Wu, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China. E-mail: yangyong_mark@ 123456hotmail.com and Wutun3182@ 123456163.com
                Article
                ad-8-6-708
                10.14336/AD.2017.0707
                5758347
                29344412
                fed75cbb-8b22-4d80-a9de-1080d0ed136b
                Copyright: © 2017 Yang et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

                History
                : 26 October 2016
                : 8 February 2017
                : 7 July 2017
                Categories
                Review

                ginseng,anti-aging,pharmacology,molecular mechanism
                ginseng, anti-aging, pharmacology, molecular mechanism

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