Lamellar Graphene Oxide-Based Composite Membranes for Efficient Separation of Heavy Metal Ions and Desalination of Water

Abstract

Sufficient efforts have been carried out to fabricate highly efficient graphene oxide (GO) lamellar membranes for heavy metal ion separation and desalination of water. However, selectivity for small ions remains a major problem. Herein, GO was modified by using onion extractive (OE) and a bioactive phenolic compound, i.e., quercetin. The as-prepared modified materials were fabricated into membranes and used for separation of heavy metal ions and water desalination. The GO/onion extract (GO/OE) composite membrane with a thickness of 350 nm shows an excellent rejection efficiency for several heavy metal ions such as Cr ⁶⁺ (∼87.5%), As ³⁺ (∼89.5%), Cd ²⁺ (∼93.0%), and Pb ²⁺ (∼99.5%) and a good water permeance of ∼460 ± 20 L m ^–2 h ^–1 bar ^–1. In addition, a GO/quercetin (GO/Q) composite membrane is also fabricated from quercetin for comparative studies. Quercetin is an active ingredient of onion extractives (2.1% w/w). The GO/Q composite membranes show good rejection up to ∼78.0, ∼80.5, ∼88.0, and 95.2% for Cr ⁶⁺, As ³⁺, Cd ²⁺, and Pb ²⁺, respectively, with a DI water permeance of ∼150 ± 10 L m ^–2 h ^–1 bar ^–1. Further, both membranes are used for water desalination by measuring rejection of small ions such as NaCl, Na ₂SO ₄, MgCl ₂, and MgSO ₄. The resulting membranes show >70% rejection for small ions. In addition, both membranes are used for filtration of Indus River water and the GO/Q membrane shows remarkably high separation efficiency and makes river water suitable for drinking purpose. Furthermore, the GO/QE composite membrane is highly stable up to ∼25 days under acidic, basic, and neutral environments as compared to GO/Q composite and pristine GO-based membranes.