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      Fermentação ruminal e eficiência microbiana em bezerros holandeses alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de concentrado Translated title: Ruminal fermentation and microbial efficiency in Holstein calves fed diets with different concentrate levels

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          Abstract

          RESUMO - Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de concentrado sobre os parâmetros da fermentação ruminal, as digestibilidades aparente, total, ruminal e intestinal de N, a eficiência microbiana e o balanço de N. Cinco bezerros holandeses, inteiros, fistulados no rúmen e abomaso, com idade média inicial de 5,8±0,7 meses e 107,4±11,0 kg PV médio inicial, foram distribuídos em quadrado latino 5x5 (tratamento x período). Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais e alimentados à vontade com dietas contendo 30,0; 45,0; 60;0; 75,0; e 90,0% de concentrado, com base na MS, em rações contendo como volumoso, o feno de capim coast-cross e no concentrado, o farelo de soja, fubá de milho. Os valores de pH foram influenciados pelos níveis de concentrado das rações, e , 11,3 horas após a alimentação, foram estimandos os valores mínimos de 6,10; 5,89; 5,67; 5,46; e 5,24, para as rações com níveis de 30,0; 45,0; 60,0; 75,0; e 90,0%de concentrado nas rações, respectivamente. A concentração de amônia ruminal reduziu linearmente, em função dos tempos pós-alimentação, apresentando comportamento quadrático, com valores mínimos de 6,84; 7,14; 7,63; 7,82; 8,09; e 8,00 mg/dL, para 86,31; 84,86; 83,41; 81,95; 77,59; e 68,86% de concentrado nas rações. O numero de protozoários ruminais reduziu linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de concentrado nas rações. A eficiência de síntese de compostos nitrogenados microbianos aumentou linearmente com os níveis de concentrado nas rações.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT - This work was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrate levels on the parameters of at ruminal fermentation, the apparent, total, ruminal and intestinal N digestibilities, the microbial efficiency and the N balance. Five rumen and abomasum fistulated bull Holstein calves, with an initial average age of 5.8±0.7 months and initial average of 107.4±11.0 kg LW were allotted to a 5x5 Latin square design (treatment x period). The animals were housed in individual stalls and full fed diets (DM basis) containing 30.0, 45.0, 60.0, 75,0 and 90.0% of concentrate.The diets were based on coast-cross grass hay as forage and soybean meal and corn ground grain in the concentrate. The pH values were affected by the concentrate levels of the diets, and , 11.3 hours post-feeding, the minimum values of 6.10, 5.89, 5.67, 5.46, and 5.24, respectively, were estimated for the diets with 30.0, 45.0, 60.0, 75.0 e 90.0% of concentrate in the diets, respectively. The ruminal ammonia concentration linearly decreased, in function of post-feeding time and showing quadratic behavior, with a minimum values of 6.84, 7.14, 7,40, 7.63, 7.82, 8.09, and 8.00 mg/dL, for 86.31, 84.86, 83.41, 80,50, 81.95, 77.59, and 68.86% of concentrate in the diets. The number of ruminal protozoa linearly reduced as the dietary concentrate levels increased. The efficiency of microbial nitrogenous compound synthesis linearly increased, as the concentrate levels in the diets increased.

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          Relationship between fermentation acid production in the rumen and the requirement for physically effective fiber.

          The content of ruminally fermented OM in the diet affects the fiber requirement of dairy cattle. Physically effective fiber is the fraction of feed that stimulates chewing activity. Chewing, in turn, stimulates saliva secretion. Bicarbonate and phosphate buffers in saliva neutralize acids produced by fermentation of OM in the rumen. The balance between the production of fermentation acid and buffer secretion is a major determinant of ruminal pH. Low ruminal pH may decrease DMI, fiber digestibility, and microbial yield and thus decrease milk production and increase feed costs. Diets should be formulated to maintain adequate mean ruminal pH, and variation in ruminal pH should be minimized by feeding management. The fraction of OM that is fermented in the rumen varies greatly among diets. This variation affects the amount of fermentation acids produced and directly affects the amount of physically effective fiber that is required to maintain adequate ruminal pH. Acid production in the rumen is due primarily to fermentation of carbohydrates, which represent over 65% of the DM in diets of dairy cows and have the most variable ruminal degradation across diets. The non-fiber carbohydrate content of the diet is often used as a proxy for ruminal fermentability, but this measure is inadequate. Ruminal fermentation of both nonfiber carbohydrate and fiber is extremely variable, and this variability is not related to the nonfiber carbohydrate content of the diet. The interaction of ruminally fermented carbohydrate and physically effective fiber must be considered when diets for dairy cattle are evaluated and formulated.
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            A RAPID PROCEDURE FOR PURINE MEASUREMENT AND ITS USE FOR ESTIMATING NET RUMINAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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              Rates of rumen fermentation in relation to ammonia concentration.

              1. Four sheep were fed from automatic continuous feeders on whole barley fortified with graded levels of a urea solution. This approach was to a large extent successful in maintaining relatively steady states of rumen ammonia concentration. 2. Rates of barley fermentation in the rumen at various rumen NH3 concentrations were assessed by measuring the disappearance of barley dry matter from polyester bags suspended in the rumen of these sheep. 3. The minimal NH3 concentration for maximal rate of fermentation was estimated as 235 mg/l rumen fluid.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbz
                Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia
                R. Bras. Zootec.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia (Viçosa, MG, Brazil )
                1516-3598
                1806-9290
                February 2000
                : 29
                : 1
                : 215-224
                Affiliations
                [03] orgnameUFV orgdiv1DPI
                [01] Lages SC orgnameUDESC orgdiv1CAV a2pjb@ 123456cav.udesc.br
                [02] orgnameUFV orgdiv1DZO jearper@ 123456mail.ufv.br
                Article
                S1516-35982000000100029 S1516-3598(00)02900129
                fe027737-c64b-45af-88a4-4f6f4c21071e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 March 1999
                : 02 August 1999
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 63, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)
                Categories
                Ruminantes

                bezerros holandeses,amônia,ruminal protozoa,pH,microbial efficiency,concentrate,eficiência microbiana,concentrado,protozoários ruminais,ammonia,Holstein calves

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