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      Provision of externally accredited immunisation certification within an Australian Professional Pharmacy University programme: a survey of graduates on benefits and outcomes

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          In Australia, pharmacists may become authorised immunisers by obtaining additional credentialling from certified providers. Some Australian Universities are providing externally accredited immunisation training to final year pharmacy students. Student satisfaction has been demonstrated, but graduate views on benefits and outcomes are yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate graduates’ perceptions of providing an accredited immunisation certification during their University pharmacy programme.

          Methods

          A survey was sent to Griffith University pharmacy graduates of 2016–2020 inclusive. Respondents who completed the accredited immunisation training at University were asked to rank their agreement with five statements on a five-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree, 5 = Strongly Agree). Further information, including free-text responses, was collected on current area of practice and involvement in vaccinations.

          Key findings

          Of the 46 graduates who completed the survey, 42 (91.3%) completed the accredited immunisation training at University. Statements that the accredited immunisation training was considered a valuable additional offering to the pharmacy programme and the time commitment was worthwhile resulted in a mean agreement of 4.74 ± 0.73 and 4.64 ± 0.76, respectively. The majority of respondents ( n = 27, 58.7%) were providing immunisations on a daily, weekly or monthly basis with over half reporting becoming more actively involved in immunisation due to COVID-19.

          Conclusions

          Pharmacy graduates valued completing an externally accredited immunisation training within their University programme and reported benefits to their employability and current roles. Incorporating externally accredited training into the curriculum can ensure graduates are prepared and skilled in continually expanding roles for pharmacists.

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          Most cited references14

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          Evaluation of the first pharmacist-administered vaccinations in Western Australia: a mixed-methods study

          H Laetitia Hattingh, T Sim, Larry Parsons … (2016)
          Objectives This study evaluated the uptake of Western Australian (WA) pharmacist vaccination services, the profiles of consumers being vaccinated and the facilitators and challenges experienced by pharmacy staff in the preparation, implementation and delivery of services. Design Mixed-methods methodology with both quantitative and qualitative data through surveys, pharmacy computer records and immuniser pharmacist interviews. Setting Community pharmacies in WA that provided pharmacist vaccination services between March and October 2015. Participants Immuniser pharmacists from 86 pharmacies completed baseline surveys and 78 completed exit surveys; computer records from 57 pharmacies; 25 immuniser pharmacists were interviewed. Main outcome measures Pharmacy and immuniser pharmacist profiles; pharmacist vaccination services provided and consumer profiles who accessed services. Results 15 621 influenza vaccinations were administered by immuniser pharmacists at 76 WA community pharmacies between March and October 2015. There were no major adverse events, and <1% of consumers experienced minor events which were appropriately managed. Between 12% and 17% of consumers were eligible to receive free influenza vaccinations under the National Immunisation Program but chose to have it at a pharmacy. A high percentage of vaccinations was delivered in rural and regional areas indicating that provision of pharmacist vaccination services facilitated access for rural and remote consumers. Immuniser pharmacists reported feeling confident in providing vaccination services and were of the opinion that services should be expanded to other vaccinations. Pharmacists also reported significant professional satisfaction in providing the service. All participating pharmacies intended to continue providing influenza vaccinations in 2016. Conclusions This initial evaluation of WA pharmacist vaccination services showed that vaccine delivery was safe. Convenience and accessibility were important aspects in usage of services. There is scope to expand pharmacist vaccination services to other vaccines and younger children; however, government funding to pharmacists needs to be considered.
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            Pharmacist involvement with immunizations: a decade of professional advancement.

            Mitchel Rothholz, Stephan Foster, John D. Grabenstein … (2006)
            To review achievements in pharmacist-administered immunizations, emphasizing the period 1995 to 2004.
            Article 0 comments Cited 20 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Pharmacy practice in emergency response during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons from Australia

              Daya Ram Parajuli, Saval Khanal, Kannikar Hannah Wechkunanukul … (2021)
              The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the pharmacy practice and initiatives taken by the Australian federal government to ensure the continued supply of essential medicines under the conditions of an emergency response plan for COVID-19. During the pandemic, Australian pharmacists have been working collaboratively with multidisciplinary teams at the frontline to manage the equitable and safe supply of medicines despite the unprecedented situation. Although these presented problems for small pharmacies, social distancing policies were implemented widely to maintain personal and environmental hygiene and reduce the number of face-to-face patient visits. In collaboration with various pharmaceutical stakeholders, the Australian government responded rapidly to ensure equitable and sufficient supply with continued access to therapeutic goods during the pandemic. Additionally, vital policies and practices have been implemented, including supplying regular medicines at government-subsidized prices, a maximum one-month supply of some prescription medicines and purchase limits on over-the-counter medicines (one unit per purchase), medication management reviews through telehealth, electronic and digital prescribing, home delivery of medicines to vulnerable people and those in home isolation and the provision of serious shortage medicine substitution rights to pharmacists. Pharmacists were encouraged to communicate and collaborate with other local pharmacies to ensure that essential pharmacy services met community needs (e.g., opening hours). However, there has been a shortage of some medicines due to supply chain disruption and increased demand due to the pandemic. Higher demand for flu vaccinations, increased work pressure in pharmacies, and severe frustration and anxiety in pharmacy customers were also reported. Vigilance is required to monitor foreseeable shortages of therapeutics goods, particularly in regional pharmacies. There is an opportunity for long-term change to retain certain rights and roles based on the competence shown by pharmacists in this challenging period, such as telephone medication reviews, telehealth for MedsCheck and Diabetes MedsCheck, digital prescription handling and therapeutic substitution.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Nijole Bernaitis:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4960-1600
                Gary Grant
                Susan Hall
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Pharm Pract
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Pharm Pract
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijpp
                Title: The International Journal of Pharmacy Practice
                Publisher: Oxford University Press (UK )
                ISSN (Print): 0961-7671
                ISSN (Electronic): 2042-7174
                Publication date Collection: June 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 March 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 09 March 2022
                Volume: 30
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 273-278
                Affiliations
                School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus , Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
                School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus , Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
                School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus , Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Nijole Bernaitis, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia. Tel: +61 07 555 29742; Fax: +61 07 555 28804; Email: n.bernaitis@ 123456griffith.edu.au
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4960-1600
                Article
                Publisher ID: riac016
                DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riac016
                PMC ID: 9383585
                PubMed ID: 35262672
                SO-VID: fda31705-6129-4f96-8b53-bbcbd1baae10
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 21 October 2021
                Date accepted : 31 January 2022
                Page count
                Pages: 6
                Categories
                Subject: Research Papers
                Subject: AcademicSubjects/MED00020
                Subject: AcademicSubjects/MED00780
                Subject: AcademicSubjects/MED00230
                Subject: AcademicSubjects/MED00410
                Subject: AcademicSubjects/MED00390

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: professional training,education,health promotion,professional role
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: professional training, education, health promotion, professional role

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