Endotracheal Intubation of Difficult Airways in Emergency Settings: A Guide for Innovators

Abstract

Over 400,000 Americans are intubated in emergency settings annually, with indications ranging from respiratory failure to airway obstructions to anaphylaxis. About 12.7% of emergency intubations are unsuccessful on the first attempt. Failure to intubate on the first attempt is associated with a higher likelihood of adverse events, including oxygen desaturation, aspiration, trauma to soft tissue, dysrhythmia, hypotension, and cardiac arrest. Difficult airways, as classified on an established clinical scale, are found in up to 30% of emergency department (ED) patients and are a significant contributor to failure to intubate. Difficult intubations have been associated with longer lengths of stay and significantly greater costs than standard intubations. There exists a wide range of airway management devices, both invasive and noninvasive, which are available in the emergency setting to accommodate difficult airways. Yet, first-pass success rates remain variable and leave room for improvement. In this article, we review the disease states most correlated with intubation, the current landscape of emergency airway management technologies, and the market potential for innovation. The aim of this review is to inspire new technologies to assist difficult airway management, given the substantial opportunity for translation due to two key-value signposts of medical innovation: the potential to decrease cost and the potential to improve clinical outcomes.

Graphical Abstract