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      A 3D diffusional-compartmental model of the calcium dynamics in cytosol, sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of murine skeletal muscle fibers

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          Abstract

          Variations of free calcium concentration ([Ca 2+]) are powerful intracellular signals, controlling contraction as well as metabolism in muscle cells. To fully understand the role of calcium redistribution upon excitation and contraction in skeletal muscle cells, the local [Ca 2+] in different compartments needs to be taken into consideration. Fluorescent probes allow the determination of [Ca 2+] in the cytosol where myofibrils are embedded, the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the mitochondrial matrix. Previously, models have been developed describing intracellular calcium handling in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. However, a comprehensive model describing the kinetics of the changes in free calcium concentration in these three compartments is lacking. We designed a new 3D compartmental model of the half sarcomere with radial symmetry, which accounts for diffusion of Ca 2+ into the three compartments and simulates its dynamics at rest and at various rates of stimulation in mice skeletal muscle fibers. This model satisfactorily reproduces both the amplitude and time course of the variations of [Ca 2+] in the three compartments in mouse fast fibers. As an illustration of the applicability of the model, we investigated the effects of Calsequestrin (CSQ) ablation. CSQ is the main Ca 2+ buffer in the SR, localized in close proximity of its calcium release sites and near to the mitochondria. CSQ knock-out mice muscles still preserve a near-normal contractile behavior, but it is unclear whether this is caused by additional SR calcium buffering or a significant contribution of calcium entry from extracellular space, via stored-operated calcium entry (SOCE). The model enabled quantitative assessment of these two scenarios by comparison to measurements of local calcium in the cytosol, the SR and the mitochondria. In conclusion, the model represents a useful tool to investigate the impact of protein ablation and of pharmacological interventions on intracellular calcium dynamics in mice skeletal muscle.

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          Regulation of contraction in striated muscle.

          A M Gordon, E Homsher, M Regnier (2000)
          Ca(2+) regulation of contraction in vertebrate striated muscle is exerted primarily through effects on the thin filament, which regulate strong cross-bridge binding to actin. Structural and biochemical studies suggest that the position of tropomyosin (Tm) and troponin (Tn) on the thin filament determines the interaction of myosin with the binding sites on actin. These binding sites can be characterized as blocked (unable to bind to cross bridges), closed (able to weakly bind cross bridges), or open (able to bind cross bridges so that they subsequently isomerize to become strongly bound and release ATP hydrolysis products). Flexibility of the Tm may allow variability in actin (A) affinity for myosin along the thin filament other than through a single 7 actin:1 tropomyosin:1 troponin (A(7)TmTn) regulatory unit. Tm position on the actin filament is regulated by the occupancy of NH-terminal Ca(2+) binding sites on TnC, conformational changes resulting from Ca(2+) binding, and changes in the interactions among Tn, Tm, and actin and as well as by strong S1 binding to actin. Ca(2+) binding to TnC enhances TnC-TnI interaction, weakens TnI attachment to its binding sites on 1-2 actins of the regulatory unit, increases Tm movement over the actin surface, and exposes myosin-binding sites on actin previously blocked by Tm. Adjacent Tm are coupled in their overlap regions where Tm movement is also controlled by interactions with TnT. TnT also interacts with TnC-TnI in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. All these interactions may vary with the different protein isoforms. The movement of Tm over the actin surface increases the "open" probability of myosin binding sites on actins so that some are in the open configuration available for myosin binding and cross-bridge isomerization to strong binding, force-producing states. In skeletal muscle, strong binding of cycling cross bridges promotes additional Tm movement. This movement effectively stabilizes Tm in the open position and allows cooperative activation of additional actins in that and possibly neighboring A(7)TmTn regulatory units. The structural and biochemical findings support the physiological observations of steady-state and transient mechanical behavior. Physiological studies suggest the following. 1) Ca(2+) binding to Tn/Tm exposes sites on actin to which myosin can bind. 2) Ca(2+) regulates the strong binding of M.ADP.P(i) to actin, which precedes the production of force (and/or shortening) and release of hydrolysis products. 3) The initial rate of force development depends mostly on the extent of Ca(2+) activation of the thin filament and myosin kinetic properties but depends little on the initial force level. 4) A small number of strongly attached cross bridges within an A(7)TmTn regulatory unit can activate the actins in one unit and perhaps those in neighboring units. This results in additional myosin binding and isomerization to strongly bound states and force production. 5) The rates of the product release steps per se (as indicated by the unloaded shortening velocity) early in shortening are largely independent of the extent of thin filament activation ([Ca(2+)]) beyond a given baseline level. However, with a greater extent of shortening, the rates depend on the activation level. 6) The cooperativity between neighboring regulatory units contributes to the activation by strong cross bridges of steady-state force but does not affect the rate of force development. 7) Strongly attached, cycling cross bridges can delay relaxation in skeletal muscle in a cooperative manner. 8) Strongly attached and cycling cross bridges can enhance Ca(2+) binding to cardiac TnC, but influence skeletal TnC to a lesser extent. 9) Different Tn subunit isoforms can modulate the cross-bridge detachment rate as shown by studies with mutant regulatory proteins in myotubes and in in vitro motility assays. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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            Bcl-2-mediated alterations in endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ analyzed with an improved genetically encoded fluorescent sensor.

            Amy Palmer, Can Jin, John C. Reed … (2004)
            The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as a cellular storehouse for Ca(2+), and Ca(2+) released from the ER plays a role in a host of critical signaling reactions, including exocytosis, contraction, metabolism, regulation of transcription, fertilization, and apoptosis. Given the central role played by the ER, our understanding of these signaling processes could be greatly enhanced by the ability to image [Ca(2+)](ER) directly in individual cells. We created a genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicator by redesigning the binding interface of calmodulin and a calmodulin-binding peptide. The sensor has improved reaction kinetics and a K(d) ideal for imaging Ca(2+) in the ER and is no longer perturbed by large excesses of native calmodulin. Importantly, it provides a significant improvement over all previous methods for monitoring [Ca(2+)](ER) and has been used to directly show that, in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, the antiapoptotic protein B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) (i) lowers [Ca(2+)](ER) by increasing Ca(2+) leakage under resting conditions and (ii) alters Ca(2+) oscillations induced by ATP, and that acute inhibition of Bcl-2 by the green tea compound epigallocatechin gallate results in an increase in [Ca(2+)](ER) due to inhibition of Bcl-2-mediated Ca(2+) leakage.
            Article 0 comments Cited 173 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Calreticulin: one protein, one gene, many functions.

              Marek Michalak, Elaine F. CORBETT, Nasrin Mesaeli … (1999)
              The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a critical role in the synthesis and chaperoning of membrane-associated and secreted proteins. The membrane is also an important site of Ca(2+) storage and release. Calreticulin is a unique ER luminal resident protein. The protein affects many cellular functions, both in the ER lumen and outside of the ER environment. In the ER lumen, calreticulin performs two major functions: chaperoning and regulation of Ca(2+) homoeostasis. Calreticulin is a highly versatile lectin-like chaperone, and it participates during the synthesis of a variety of molecules, including ion channels, surface receptors, integrins and transporters. The protein also affects intracellular Ca(2+) homoeostasis by modulation of ER Ca(2+) storage and transport. Studies on the cell biology of calreticulin revealed that the ER membrane is a very dynamic intracellular compartment affecting many aspects of cell physiology.
              Article 0 comments Cited 164 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lorenzo Marcucci:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9542-4417
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Marta Canato: Role: Data curationRole: Writing – original draft
                Feliciano Protasi:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0213-7591
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – original draft
                Ger J. M. Stienen: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Carlo Reggiani: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Laszlo Csernoch: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 July 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0201050
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
                [2 ] CeSI-Met - Center for Research on Ageing and Translational Medicine, Chieti, Italy
                [3 ] Department of Medicine and Aging Science; University G. d’Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
                [4 ] Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                University of Debrecen, HUNGARY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9542-4417
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0213-7591
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-18-01068
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201050
                PMC ID: 6062086
                PubMed ID: 30048500
                SO-VID: fce84270-7a84-498d-81bf-853d429256f7
                Copyright © © 2018 Marcucci et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 11 January 2018
                Date accepted : 6 July 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 3, Pages: 21
                Funding
                Funded by: Fondazione Telethon (IT)
                Award ID: GGP13213
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9542-4417
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002426, Fondazione Telethon;
                Award ID: GGP13213
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002426, Fondazione Telethon;
                Award ID: GGP13213
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0213-7591
                Funded by: Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (IT)
                Award ID: 2015ZZR4W3
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0213-7591
                Funded by: Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (IT)
                Award ID: 2015ZZR4W3
                Award Recipient :
                LM, CR and FP were supported by Telethon GGP13213. CR and FP were also supported by Italian Ministry of Instruction, University and Research PRIN 2015ZZR4W3.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Biochemistry
                Subject: Bioenergetics
                Subject: Energy-Producing Organelles
                Subject: Mitochondria
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Cell Biology
                Subject: Cellular Structures and Organelles
                Subject: Energy-Producing Organelles
                Subject: Mitochondria
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Cell Biology
                Subject: Cellular Types
                Subject: Animal Cells
                Subject: Muscle Fibers
                Subject: Skeletal Muscle Fibers
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Muscles
                Subject: Muscle Fibers
                Subject: Skeletal Muscle Fibers
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Muscles
                Subject: Muscle Fibers
                Subject: Skeletal Muscle Fibers
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Cell Biology
                Subject: Cytosol
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Muscles
                Subject: Skeletal Muscles
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Muscles
                Subject: Skeletal Muscles
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Simulation and Modeling
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Cell Biology
                Subject: Cellular Structures and Organelles
                Subject: Endoplasmic Reticulum
                Subject: Sarcoplasmic Reticula
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Cell Biology
                Subject: Cell Processes
                Subject: Secretory Pathway
                Subject: Endoplasmic Reticulum
                Subject: Sarcoplasmic Reticula
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Cell Biology
                Subject: Cellular Types
                Subject: Animal Cells
                Subject: Muscle Fibers
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Muscles
                Subject: Muscle Fibers
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Muscles
                Subject: Muscle Fibers
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Materials Science
                Subject: Material Properties
                Subject: Permeability
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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