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      Fish assemblages at mesophotic depths in the Pacific: A comparison between continental and oceanic islands of Mexico Translated title: Ensamblajes de peces en la zona mesofótica del Pacífico: Una comparación entre islas continentales y oceánicas de México

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT. Mesophotic ecosystems are found at depths of the ocean defined by the amount of incident light (1%-10% of light found at the surface). These ecosystems remain unexplored in many regions, including the Pacific region along the coast of Mexico, given the difficulty of accessing them using traditional methods, such as scuba. Using a remotely operated vehicle, we characterized fish assemblages across rock and sand habitat at mesophotic depths around continental islands in the Gulf of California and oceanic islands in the Revillagigedo Archi pelago in Mexico. We conducted 78 video-transect surveys and identified observed fish to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Using species’ presence per video-transect, we calculated traditional diversity indices (species richness, taxonomic distinctness, and trophic level) and func tional indices (number of functional entities, functional richness, and functional volume) for each island group and habitat type. The model results indicated that habitat type was the most important factor for predicting mesophotic fish diversity. The functional indices showed higher values for the rocky reefs of oceanic islands than for the sandy habitats, driven primarily by the presence of elasmobranchs and commercially important transpacific species. While the values of taxonomic distinctness and functional diversity could indicate that the mesophotic reefs in the oceanic island group are more ecologically intact than those around the continental islands, it will require more exploration to determine if this condition persists over time and if these ecosystems could serve as refuges for commercial fish species against the increasing number of disturbances impacting shallow reefs.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN. Los ecosistemas mesofóticos se encuentran en una capa del océano definida por la cantidad de luz incidente (1%-10% con respecto a la superficie). Estos ecosistemas permanecen inexplorados en algunas regiones, como el Pacífico a lo largo de la costa mexicana, debido al difícil acceso mediante métodos tradicionales como el buceo autónomo. Se utilizó un vehículo operado remotamente para caracte rizar los ensamblajes de peces de arrecifes rocosos y zonas arenosas en profundidades mesofóticas alrededor de islas continentales del golfo de California e islas oceánicas del archipiélago de Revillagigedo (México). Se realizaron 78 video-transectos y se identificaron los peces observados al mínimo taxón posible. Con base en la presencia de especies por video-transecto, se calcularon índices de diversidad tradicionales (riqueza de especies, diferenciación taxonómica y nivel trófico) e índices funcionales (número de entidades funcionales, riqueza funcional y volumen funcional) para cada conjunto insular y tipo de hábitat. Los modelos aplicados señalaron que el tipo de hábitat es el factor con mayor efecto en la diversidad de peces mesofóticos. Los índices funcionales presentaron mayores valores para los arrecifes rocosos de islas oceánicas que para los hábitats arenosos, lo que se asocia con la presencia de elasmobranquios y especies transpacíficas de importancia comercial. Aunque los valores de diferenciación taxonómica y diversidad funcional podrían indicar que los arrecifes mesofóticos del conjunto oceánico se encuen tran en mejor estado de conservación que los del conjunto continental, se requiere mayor exploración para determinar si esta condición perdura en el tiempo y si estos ecosistemas pueden ser un refugio para especies comerciales ante el creciente impacto de disturbios en arrecifes someros.

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          New multidimensional functional diversity indices for a multifaceted framework in functional ecology.

          Functional diversity is increasingly identified as an important driver of ecosystem functioning. Various indices have been proposed to measure the functional diversity of a community, but there is still no consensus on which are most suitable. Indeed, none of the existing indices meets all the criteria required for general use. The main criteria are that they must be designed to deal with several traits, take into account abundances, and measure all the facets of functional diversity. Here we propose three indices to quantify each facet of functional diversity for a community with species distributed in a multidimensional functional space: functional richness (volume of the functional space occupied by the community), functional evenness (regularity of the distribution of abundance in this volume), and functional divergence (divergence in the distribution of abundance in this volume). Functional richness is estimated using the existing convex hull volume index. The new functional evenness index is based on the minimum spanning tree which links all the species in the multidimensional functional space. Then this new index quantifies the regularity with which species abundances are distributed along the spanning tree. Functional divergence is measured using a novel index which quantifies how species diverge in their distances (weighted by their abundance) from the center of gravity in the functional space. We show that none of the indices meets all the criteria required for a functional diversity index, but instead we show that the set of three complementary indices meets these criteria. Through simulations of artificial data sets, we demonstrate that functional divergence and functional evenness are independent of species richness and that the three functional diversity indices are independent of each other. Overall, our study suggests that decomposition of functional diversity into its three primary components provides a meaningful framework for its quantification and for the classification of existing functional diversity indices. This decomposition has the potential to shed light on the role of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning and on the influence of biotic and abiotic filters on the structure of species communities. Finally, we propose a general framework for applying these three functional diversity indices.
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            Advanced Bayesian Multilevel Modeling with the R Package brms

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              A General Coefficient of Similarity and Some of Its Properties

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ciemar
                Ciencias marinas
                Cienc. mar
                Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas (Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico )
                0185-3880
                2020
                : 46
                : 4
                : 321-342
                Affiliations
                [1] La Paz orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur orgdiv1Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras Mexico
                [2] La Paz orgnameCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste Mexico
                [3] British Columbia orgnameSimon Fraser University orgdiv1Department of Biological Sciences Canada
                Article
                S0185-38802020000400321 S0185-3880(20)04600400321
                10.7773/cm.v46i4.3112
                fce05e2e-b086-4c2e-a242-d55737c95bdc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 October 2020
                : 01 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 49, Pages: 22
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                WSN Research articles

                biogeographic provinces,trophic level,functional volume,species richness,remotely operated vehicles,provincias biogeográficas,nivel trófico,volumen funcional,riqueza de especies,vehículos operados remotamente

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