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      Amniotic membrane extract and eye drops: a review of literature and clinical application

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          Abstract

          The amniotic membrane (AM) has a long history of use in the treatment of various diseases of the ocular surface. It contains pluripotent cells, highly organized collagen, anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory cytokines, immune-modulators, growth factors, and matrix proteins. It is used to promote corneal healing in severely damaged eyes. Recently, AM extract and AM extract eye drops have been successfully used in clinical applications, including dry eye and chemical burns. We provide an overview on the recent progress in the preparation, mechanisms of action, and use of AM extract/AM extract eye drops for corneal and external eye diseases.

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          Historical insights into cytokines.

          Charles Dinarello (2007)
          Cytokines affect nearly every biological process; these include embryonic development, disease pathogenesis, non-specific response to infection, specific response to antigen, changes in cognitive functions and progression of the degenerative processes of aging. In addition, cytokines are part of stem cell differentiation, vaccine efficacy and allograft rejection. This short insight focuses on the milestones in cytokine biology and how the various and often contradictory activities of these small, non-structural proteins affected the fields of inflammation and immunology. Multiple biological properties or pleiotropism is the hallmark of a cytokine. Today, the term "cytokine" encompasses interferons, the interleukins, the chemokine family, mesenchymal growth factors, the tumor necrosis factor family and adipokines. As of this writing, 33 cytokines are called interleukins, but many are part of families of related but distinct gene products. There are certainly over 100 separate genes coding for cytokine-like activities, many with overlapping functions and many still unexplored. Also discussed in this overview are the failures and successes of cytokines as therapeutic targets. A recent advance in the field has been that of differential cytokine production, which can be used to classify human disease as being "autoimmune" or "autoinflammatory" thus impacting on therapeutic interventions.
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            Transplantation of preserved human amniotic membrane for surface reconstruction in severely damaged rabbit corneas.

            T. J. Kim, J. Tseng (1995)
            After n-heptanol removal of the total corneal epithelium and a limbal lamellar keratectomy, 23 rabbit eyes developed features of limbal stem cell deficiency including conjunctival epithelial ingrowth, vascularization and chronic inflammation. One month later, 10 control eyes received a total keratectomy, and 13 experimental eyes received additional transplantation of glycerin-preserved human amniotic membrane. In 3 months of follow-up, all control corneas were revascularized to the center with granuloma and retained a conjunctival epithelial phenotype. In contrast, five corneas in the experimental group became clear with either minimal or no vascularization; the rest had either mid peripheral (n = 5) or total (n = 3) vascularization and cloudier stroma. The success of corneal surface reconstruction correlated with the return of a cornea-like epithelial phenotype and the preservation of amniotic membrane, whereas the failure maintained a conjunctival epithelial phenotype and the amniotic membrane was either partially degraded or covered by host fibrovascular stroma. These results suggest that measures taken to facilitate epithelialization without allowing host fibrovascular ingrowth onto the amniotic membrane might prove this procedure clinically useful for ocular surface reconstruction.
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              PLASTIC REPAIR OF CONJUNCTIVAL DEFECTS WITH FETAL MEMBRANES

              A. de ROTTH (1940)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Clinical Ophthalmology
                Title: Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Print): 1177-5467
                ISSN (Electronic): 1177-5483
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 June 2018
                Volume: 12
                Pages: 1105-1112
                Affiliations
                [1 ]John A Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
                [2 ]HDR Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Majid Moshirfar, HDR Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Hoopes Vision, 11820 S. State Street Suite #200, Draper, UT 84020, USA, Tel +1 801 568 0200, Fax +1 801 563 0200, Email cornea2020@ 123456me.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: opth-12-1105
                DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S165553
                PMC ID: 6012548
                PubMed ID: 29950805
                SO-VID: fc66031c-9e79-4309-aeb1-599b26232744
                Copyright © © 2018 Murri et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited
                License:

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: amniotic membrane,amniotic membrane extract,amniotic membrane extract eye drops,ame,ameed,amt,umbilical cord,amnion,regenesol,genesis,regener-eyes,corneal wound healing,amniotic membrane transplant
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: amniotic membrane, amniotic membrane extract, amniotic membrane extract eye drops, ame, ameed, amt, umbilical cord, amnion, regenesol, genesis, regener-eyes, corneal wound healing, amniotic membrane transplant

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