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      Do plants have a segregated germline?

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      Author(s): 1 , 2 , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLoS Biology
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          For the last 100 years, it has been uncontroversial to state that the plant germline is set aside late in development, but there is surprisingly little evidence to support this view. In contrast, much evolutionary theory and several recent empirical studies seem to suggest the opposite—that the germlines of some and perhaps most plants may be set aside early in development. But is this really the case? How much does it matter? How can we reconcile the new evidence with existing knowledge of plant development? And is there a way to reliably establish the timing of germline segregation in both model and nonmodel plants? Answering these questions is vital to understanding one of the most fundamental aspects of plant development and evolution.

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          The rate and molecular spectrum of spontaneous mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana.

          Stephan Ossowski, Korbinian Schneeberger, José Lucas-Lledó … (2010)
          To take complete advantage of information on within-species polymorphism and divergence from close relatives, one needs to know the rate and the molecular spectrum of spontaneous mutations. To this end, we have searched for de novo spontaneous mutations in the complete nuclear genomes of five Arabidopsis thaliana mutation accumulation lines that had been maintained by single-seed descent for 30 generations. We identified and validated 99 base substitutions and 17 small and large insertions and deletions. Our results imply a spontaneous mutation rate of 7 x 10(-9) base substitutions per site per generation, the majority of which are G:C-->A:T transitions. We explain this very biased spectrum of base substitution mutations as a result of two main processes: deamination of methylated cytosines and ultraviolet light-induced mutagenesis.
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            Relative rates of synonymous substitutions in the mitochondrial, chloroplast and nuclear genomes of seed plants.

            Guy Drouin, Hanane Daoud, Junnan Xia (2008)
            Previous studies have estimated that, in angiosperms, the synonymous substitution rate of chloroplast genes is three times higher than that of mitochondrial genes and that of nuclear genes is twelve times higher than that of mitochondrial genes. Here we used 12 genes in 27 seed plant species to investigate whether these relative rates of substitutions are common to diverse seed plant groups. We find that the overall relative rate of synonymous substitutions of mitochondrial, chloroplast and nuclear genes of all seed plants is 1:3:10, that these ratios are 1:2:4 in gymnosperms but 1:3:16 in angiosperms and that they go up to 1:3:20 in basal angiosperms. Our results show that the mitochondrial, chloroplast and nuclear genomes of seed plant groups have different synonymous substitutions rates, that these rates are different in different seed plant groups and that gymnosperms have smaller ratios than angiosperms.
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              Plant Mitochondrial Genomes: Dynamics and Mechanisms of Mutation.

              José M. Gualberto, Kathleen Newton (2017)
              The large mitochondrial genomes of angiosperms are unusually dynamic because of recombination activities involving repeated sequences. These activities generate subgenomic forms and extensive genomic variation even within the same species. Such changes in genome structure are responsible for the rapid evolution of plant mitochondrial DNA and for the variants associated with cytoplasmic male sterility and abnormal growth phenotypes. Nuclear genes modulate these processes, and over the past decade, several of these genes have been identified. They are involved mainly in pathways of DNA repair by homologous recombination and mismatch repair, which appear to be essential for the faithful replication of the mitogenome. Mutations leading to the loss of any of these activities release error-prone repair pathways, resulting in increased ectopic recombination, genome instability, and heteroplasmy. We review the present state of knowledge of the genes and pathways underlying mitochondrial genome stability.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Robert Lanfear:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1140-2596
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding AcquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – Original DraftRole: Writing – Review and Editing
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS Biol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosbiol
                Title: PLoS Biology
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Print): 1544-9173
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-7885
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 May 2018
                Publication date Collection: May 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 16 May 2018
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e2005439
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
                [2 ] Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1140-2596
                Article
                Publisher ID: pbio.2005439
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005439
                PMC ID: 5973621
                PubMed ID: 29768400
                SO-VID: fc144b16-9089-4200-91ab-13787b2df41a
                Copyright © © 2018 Robert Lanfear
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Australian Research Council (grant number FT140100843). Future Fellowship to R. Lanfear. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Unsolved Mystery
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Plants
                Subject: Flowering Plants
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Developmental Biology
                Subject: Cell Differentiation
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Cell Biology
                Subject: Cell Processes
                Subject: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Genetics
                Subject: Mutation
                Subject: Somatic Mutation
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Genetics
                Subject: Mutation
                Subject: Point Mutation
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Evolutionary Biology
                Subject: Evolutionary Systematics
                Subject: Phylogenetics
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Taxonomy
                Subject: Evolutionary Systematics
                Subject: Phylogenetics
                Subject: Computer and Information Sciences
                Subject: Data Management
                Subject: Taxonomy
                Subject: Evolutionary Systematics
                Subject: Phylogenetics
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Evolutionary Biology
                Subject: Evolutionary Processes
                Subject: Evolutionary Rate
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Evolutionary Biology
                Subject: Evolutionary Systematics
                Subject: Phylogenetics
                Subject: Plant Phylogenetics
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Taxonomy
                Subject: Evolutionary Systematics
                Subject: Phylogenetics
                Subject: Plant Phylogenetics
                Subject: Computer and Information Sciences
                Subject: Data Management
                Subject: Taxonomy
                Subject: Evolutionary Systematics
                Subject: Phylogenetics
                Subject: Plant Phylogenetics
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Evolutionary Biology
                Subject: Organismal Evolution
                Subject: Plant Evolution
                Subject: Plant Phylogenetics
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Plant Science
                Subject: Plant Evolution
                Subject: Plant Phylogenetics
                Custom metadata
                PLOS Publication Stage vor-update-to-uncorrected-proof
                Publication Update 2018-05-29

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences

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