A virtualidade nas estratégias de inovação aberta: proposta de articulação conceitual

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Abstract

O aprofundamento do uso da ciência em produtos e processos e a distribuição da produção de conhecimento colocaram em xeque a organização chandleriana, favorecendo modelos organizacionais em redes de colaboração. Reconhece-se que as TICs converteram-se em poderosas alavancas para as organizações e estruturas virtuais. Recentemente, ganhou destaque na literatura voltada aos gestores de grandes empresas com tradição em P&D o modelo de inovação aberta (OI). Também nas estratégias de OI a virtualidade engendrada pelas TICs tem desempenhado um papel determinante, transformando-se em elemento-chave do próprio processo de inovação. Mas a análise do uso da OI - e do papel da virtualidade neste modelo - é praticamente inexistente no caso das firmas brasileiras. Este artigo estende o estudo do uso de TICs em arranjos colaborativos. Seu objetivo é articular as bases conceituais para estudo do papel da virtualidade nas estratégias de inovação aberta pertinentes aos diferentes tipos de redes estratégicas virtuais em que a firma brasileira está inserida. Como resultado principal, o artigo oferece uma proposta de articulação conceitual e descreve seus argumentos centrais.

Translated abstract

The intense use of science in products and processes and the highly distributed character of knowledge production put the chandlerian type of firm in a check position, favoring networks and collaborations arrangements. It is largely assumed that information and communication technologies (ICTs) acted as powerful tools to leverage virtual type of organizations and structures. Recently, the open innovation (OI) model gained great attention on the literature targeted to management. Again, in the OI strategies, the ICTs are having a key role, not only as an enabler of information and knowledge exchange, but also as a critical tool to insert virtuality in the innovation process itself. But the scientific studies about the use of OI strategies, and about the role of virtuality in these models, are almost inexistent for the case of Brazilian firms. This paper extends the study of the use of ICTs in collaboration arrangements. This article's objective is to articulate the conceptual base for the study of virtuality in OI strategies considering the different types of virtual strategic networks in which the Brazilian firms are embedded. As it main result, this article offers a proposal of conceptual articulation, describing its central arguments.

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An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change

Richard R. Nelson (1982)

This book contains the most sustained and serious attack on mainstream, neoclassical economics in more than forty years. Nelson and Winter focus their critique on the basic question of how firms and industries change overtime. They marshal significant objections to the fundamental neoclassical assumptions of profit maximization and market equilibrium, which they find ineffective in the analysis of technological innovation and the dynamics of competition among firms. To replace these assumptions, they borrow from biology the concept of natural selection to construct a precise and detailed evolutionary theory of business behavior. They grant that films are motivated by profit and engage in search for ways of improving profits, but they do not consider them to be profit maximizing. Likewise, they emphasize the tendency for the more profitable firms to drive the less profitable ones out of business, but they do not focus their analysis on hypothetical states of industry equilibrium. The results of their new paradigm and analytical framework are impressive. Not only have they been able to develop more coherent and powerful models of competitive firm dynamics under conditions of growth and technological change, but their approach is compatible with findings in psychology and other social sciences. Finally, their work has important implications for welfare economics and for government policy toward industry.