Novel insight into the functions of N6-methyladenosine modified lncRNAs in cancers (Review)

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Abstract

Emerging evidence has suggested that N ⁶-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, a typical RNA methylation modification, controls the fate of modified transcripts and is involved in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, such as metabolic disorders, nephropathology, osteoarthritis and malignant tumours. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), transcripts of >200 nt in length, have also been indicated to be involved in various diseases by participating in processes such as epigenetic modifications, transcriptional alternations and posttranslational regulation. Recent studies revealed that lncRNAs were widely modified by m6A, which has a critical role in various cellular processes that are associated with numerous disorders, particularly human cancers. The present review first examined functions of m6A modification of lncRNAs, including changing the lncRNA structure, mediating transcriptional regulation, affecting mRNA precursor splicing, and regulating lncRNA stability and translation. Furthermore, the regulatory mechanisms of m6A-modified lncRNAs in cancers were summarized and the up-to-date detection methods and prediction tools for identifying m6A sites on lncRNAs were presented. In addition, viewpoints on potential future directions in the field were discussed, including more accurate detection methods, roles of lncRNAs-encoded micropeptides in cancers, the relationship between m6A-modified lncRNAs and the tumour microenvironment, and m6A-modified lncRNAs as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in human cancer.

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Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

Hyuna Sung, Jacques Ferlay, Rebecca Siegel … (2021)

This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.

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Cancer statistics, 2020

Rebecca Siegel, Kimberly D Miller, Ahmedin Jemal (2020)

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence. Incidence data (through 2016) were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data (through 2017) were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2020, 1,806,590 new cancer cases and 606,520 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. The cancer death rate rose until 1991, then fell continuously through 2017, resulting in an overall decline of 29% that translates into an estimated 2.9 million fewer cancer deaths than would have occurred if peak rates had persisted. This progress is driven by long-term declines in death rates for the 4 leading cancers (lung, colorectal, breast, prostate); however, over the past decade (2008-2017), reductions slowed for female breast and colorectal cancers, and halted for prostate cancer. In contrast, declines accelerated for lung cancer, from 3% annually during 2008 through 2013 to 5% during 2013 through 2017 in men and from 2% to almost 4% in women, spurring the largest ever single-year drop in overall cancer mortality of 2.2% from 2016 to 2017. Yet lung cancer still caused more deaths in 2017 than breast, prostate, colorectal, and brain cancers combined. Recent mortality declines were also dramatic for melanoma of the skin in the wake of US Food and Drug Administration approval of new therapies for metastatic disease, escalating to 7% annually during 2013 through 2017 from 1% during 2006 through 2010 in men and women aged 50 to 64 years and from 2% to 3% in those aged 20 to 49 years; annual declines of 5% to 6% in individuals aged 65 years and older are particularly striking because rates in this age group were increasing prior to 2013. It is also notable that long-term rapid increases in liver cancer mortality have attenuated in women and stabilized in men. In summary, slowing momentum for some cancers amenable to early detection is juxtaposed with notable gains for other common cancers.

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Cancer Statistics, 2021

Rebecca Siegel, Kimberly D Miller, Hannah Fuchs … (2021)

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence. Incidence data (through 2017) were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data (through 2018) were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2021, 1,898,160 new cancer cases and 608,570 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. After increasing for most of the 20th century, the cancer death rate has fallen continuously from its peak in 1991 through 2018, for a total decline of 31%, because of reductions in smoking and improvements in early detection and treatment. This translates to 3.2 million fewer cancer deaths than would have occurred if peak rates had persisted. Long-term declines in mortality for the 4 leading cancers have halted for prostate cancer and slowed for breast and colorectal cancers, but accelerated for lung cancer, which accounted for almost one-half of the total mortality decline from 2014 to 2018. The pace of the annual decline in lung cancer mortality doubled from 3.1% during 2009 through 2013 to 5.5% during 2014 through 2018 in men, from 1.8% to 4.4% in women, and from 2.4% to 5% overall. This trend coincides with steady declines in incidence (2.2%-2.3%) but rapid gains in survival specifically for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For example, NSCLC 2-year relative survival increased from 34% for persons diagnosed during 2009 through 2010 to 42% during 2015 through 2016, including absolute increases of 5% to 6% for every stage of diagnosis; survival for small cell lung cancer remained at 14% to 15%. Improved treatment accelerated progress against lung cancer and drove a record drop in overall cancer mortality, despite slowing momentum for other common cancers.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Oncol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Oncol

Journal ID (publisher-id): IJO

Title: International Journal of Oncology

Publisher: D.A. Spandidos

ISSN (Print): 1019-6439

ISSN (Electronic): 1791-2423

Publication date Collection: December 2022

Publication date (Electronic): 19 October 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 19 October 2022

Volume: 61

Issue: 6

Electronic Location Identifier: 152

Affiliations

[1 ]Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China

[2 ]Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China

Author notes

Correspondence to: Dr Jinjin Sun, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 23 Pingjiang Road, Hexi, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China, E-mail: jsun02@ 123456tmu.edu.cn

Dr Lei Han, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China, E-mail: superhanlei@ 123456tmu.edu.cn

[*]

Contributed equally

Article

Publisher ID: ijo-61-6-05442

DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5442

PMC ID: 9641156

PubMed ID: 36263625

SO-VID: fb6286aa-eea2-4c47-8df3-4b6497406208

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

History

Date received : 08 July 2022

Date accepted : 22 September 2022

Funding

Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China

Award ID: 81773187

Funded by: Tianjin High School Program for Young and Middle-aged Talents Backbone and Tianjin Young Medical Talents Program and the Tianjin Commission Scientific Research Plan Project

Award ID: 2018KJ064

The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81773187), Tianjin High School Program for Young and Middle-aged Talents Backbone and Tianjin Young Medical Talents Program and the Tianjin Commission Scientific Research Plan Project (grant no. 2018KJ064).

Novel insight into the functions of N6-methyladenosine modified lncRNAs in cancers (Review)

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Cancer Immunotherapy

Most cited references 136

Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

Cancer statistics, 2020

Cancer Statistics, 2021

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