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      Consenso de especialistas sobre o implante por cateter de biopróteses valvares para o tratamento da estenose aórtica de alto risco cirúrgico: relato da Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodinâmica e Cardiologia Intervencionista Translated title: Expert consensus on transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for the treatment of high surgical risk aortic stenosis: report of the Brazilian Society of Hemodynamics and Interventional Cardiology

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          Abstract

          A substituição cirúrgica da valva aórtica é o tratamento de eleição para pacientes com estenose aórtica sintomática acentuada. Entretanto, o risco cirúrgico aumenta expressivamente com o avançar da idade e com a associação de comorbidades. Nessa situação clínica, o implante por cateter de bioprótese valvar aórtica deve ser considerado uma alternativa terapêutica válida e eficaz. O propósito deste Consenso é oferecer uma revisão crítica do conjunto de evidências e dos avanços mais recentes relacionados ao implante por cateter de bioprótese valvar aórtica e sumarizar o estado da arte atual, com o intuito de melhor guiar a tomada de decisão terapêutica. A seleção dos pacientes para o implante por cateter de prótese valvar aórtica deve obedecer aos seguintes critérios: 1) presença de estenose valvar aórtica acentuada, sintomática, definida como orifício valvar aórtico com área < 1 cm² (ou < 0,6 cm²/m²); 2) idade > 75 anos e alta probabilidade de morbidade e mortalidade cirúrgicas pela presença de comorbidades; e 3) presença de condição anatômica e morfológica favorável para o procedimento por cateter. As evidências científicas atuais indicam que esse procedimento melhora os sintomas e reduz a mortalidade de pacientes com estenose aórtica e com contraindicação cirúrgica, quando comparado ao tratamento conservador. Adicionalmente, em pacientes com estenose aórtica acentuada e alto risco cirúrgico, o implante por cateter apresenta-se como alternativa terapêutica eficaz, capaz de alterar o curso natural da doença de forma equivalente ao tratamento cirúrgico convencional.

          Translated abstract

          Surgical replacement of the aortic valve is the therapy of choice for patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. However, surgical risk increases significantly with age and with the association of comorbidities. In this clinical context, transcatheter aortic-valve implantation must be considered as a valid and effective therapeutic alternative. The purpose of this Consensus is to provide a critical review of all the evidence and recent advances related to transcatheter aortic-valve implantation and summarize the current state of the art, in order to better guide therapeutic decision-making. Patient selection for transcatheter aortic-valve implantation must meet the following criteria: 1) presence of severe symptomatic aortic valve stenosis, defined as aortic valve orifice area < 1 cm² (or < 0.6 cm²/m²); 2) age > 75 years and a high probability of surgical morbidity and mortality due to pre-existing comorbidities; and 3) the presence of anatomical and morphological conditions favorable for transcatheter interventions. Current scientific evidence indicates that this procedure improves symptoms and reduces mortality in patients with aortic stenosis who were not suitable candidates for surgery, as compared to standard therapy. Additionally, in patients with severe aortic stenosis and high surgical risk, transcatheter aortic-valve implantation is an alternative effective treatment, able to alter the natural course of disease in a manner equivalent to conventional surgical treatment.

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          Most cited references70

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          Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery.

          Many patients with severe aortic stenosis and coexisting conditions are not candidates for surgical replacement of the aortic valve. Recently, transcatheter aortic-valve implantation (TAVI) has been suggested as a less invasive treatment for high-risk patients with aortic stenosis. We randomly assigned patients with severe aortic stenosis, whom surgeons considered not to be suitable candidates for surgery, to standard therapy (including balloon aortic valvuloplasty) or transfemoral transcatheter implantation of a balloon-expandable bovine pericardial valve. The primary end point was the rate of death from any cause. A total of 358 patients with aortic stenosis who were not considered to be suitable candidates for surgery underwent randomization at 21 centers (17 in the United States). At 1 year, the rate of death from any cause (Kaplan–Meier analysis) was 30.7% with TAVI, as compared with 50.7% with standard therapy (hazard ratio with TAVI, 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40 to 0.74; P<0.001). The rate of the composite end point of death from any cause or repeat hospitalization was 42.5% with TAVI as compared with 71.6% with standard therapy (hazard ratio, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.59; P<0.001). Among survivors at 1 year, the rate of cardiac symptoms (New York Heart Association class III or IV) was lower among patients who had undergone TAVI than among those who had received standard therapy (25.2% vs. 58.0%, P<0.001). At 30 days, TAVI, as compared with standard therapy, was associated with a higher incidence of major strokes (5.0% vs. 1.1%, P=0.06) and major vascular complications (16.2% vs. 1.1%, P<0.001). In the year after TAVI, there was no deterioration in the functioning of the bioprosthetic valve, as assessed by evidence of stenosis or regurgitation on an echocardiogram. In patients with severe aortic stenosis who were not suitable candidates for surgery, TAVI, as compared with standard therapy, significantly reduced the rates of death from any cause, the composite end point of death from any cause or repeat hospitalization, and cardiac symptoms, despite the higher incidence of major strokes and major vascular events. (Funded by Edwards Lifesciences; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00530894.).
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            Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients.

            The use of transcatheter aortic-valve replacement has been shown to reduce mortality among high-risk patients with aortic stenosis who are not candidates for surgical replacement. However, the two procedures have not been compared in a randomized trial involving high-risk patients who are still candidates for surgical replacement. At 25 centers, we randomly assigned 699 high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis to undergo either transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a balloon-expandable bovine pericardial valve (either a transfemoral or a transapical approach) or surgical replacement. The primary end point was death from any cause at 1 year. The primary hypothesis was that transcatheter replacement is not inferior to surgical replacement. The rates of death from any cause were 3.4% in the transcatheter group and 6.5% in the surgical group at 30 days (P=0.07) and 24.2% and 26.8%, respectively, at 1 year (P=0.44), a reduction of 2.6 percentage points in the transcatheter group (upper limit of the 95% confidence interval, 3.0 percentage points; predefined margin, 7.5 percentage points; P=0.001 for noninferiority). The rates of major stroke were 3.8% in the transcatheter group and 2.1% in the surgical group at 30 days (P=0.20) and 5.1% and 2.4%, respectively, at 1 year (P=0.07). At 30 days, major vascular complications were significantly more frequent with transcatheter replacement (11.0% vs. 3.2%, P<0.001); adverse events that were more frequent after surgical replacement included major bleeding (9.3% vs. 19.5%, P<0.001) and new-onset atrial fibrillation (8.6% vs. 16.0%, P=0.006). More patients undergoing transcatheter replacement had an improvement in symptoms at 30 days, but by 1 year, there was not a significant between-group difference. In high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis, transcatheter and surgical procedures for aortic-valve replacement were associated with similar rates of survival at 1 year, although there were important differences in periprocedural risks. (Funded by Edwards Lifesciences; Clinical Trials.gov number, NCT00530894.).
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              Percutaneous transcatheter implantation of an aortic valve prosthesis for calcific aortic stenosis: first human case description.

              The design of a percutaneous implantable prosthetic heart valve has become an important area for investigation. A percutaneously implanted heart valve (PHV) composed of 3 bovine pericardial leaflets mounted within a balloon-expandable stent was developed. After ex vivo testing and animal implantation studies, the first human implantation was performed in a 57-year-old man with calcific aortic stenosis, cardiogenic shock, subacute leg ischemia, and other associated noncardiac diseases. Valve replacement had been declined for this patient, and balloon valvuloplasty had been performed with nonsustained results. With the use of an antegrade transseptal approach, the PHV was successfully implanted within the diseased native aortic valve, with accurate and stable PHV positioning, no impairment of the coronary artery blood flow or of the mitral valve function, and a mild paravalvular aortic regurgitation. Immediately and at 48 hours after implantation, valve function was excellent, resulting in marked hemodynamic improvement. Over a follow-up period of 4 months, the valvular function remained satisfactory as assessed by sequential transesophageal echocardiography, and there was no recurrence of heart failure. However, severe noncardiac complications occurred, including a progressive worsening of the leg ischemia, leading to leg amputation with lack of healing, infection, and death 17 weeks after PHV implantation. Nonsurgical implantation of a prosthetic heart valve can be successfully achieved with immediate and midterm hemodynamic and clinical improvement. After further device modifications, additional durability tests, and confirmatory clinical implantations, PHV might become an important therapeutic alternative for the treatment of selected patients with nonsurgical aortic stenosis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbci
                Revista Brasileira de Cardiologia Invasiva
                Rev. Bras. Cardiol. Invasiva
                Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodinâmica e Cardiologia Intervencionista - SBHCI (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0104-1843
                2179-8397
                June 2011
                : 19
                : 2
                : 200-207
                Affiliations
                [02] São Paulo SP orgnameHospital Sírio Libanês Brasil
                [11] São Paulo SP orgnameAssociação do Sanatório Sírio orgdiv1Hospital do Coração Brasil
                [06] Rio de Janeiro RJ orgnameHospital Pró-Cardíaco Brasil
                [08] João Pessoa PB orgnameHospital Santa Paula orgdiv1Cardiocenter Brasil
                [03] São Paulo SP orgnameInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia Brasil
                [09] Belo Horizonte MG orgnameHospital Biocor Brasil
                [01] São Paulo SP orgnameHospital Albert Einstein Brasil
                [10] São Paulo SP orgnameHospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz Brasil
                [05] São Paulo SP orgnameHospital Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo Brasil
                [04] Porto Alegre RS orgnameFundação Universitária de Cardiologia orgdiv1Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
                [07] Curitiba PR orgnameHospital Universitário Evangélico de Curitiba Brasil
                Article
                S2179-83972011000200017 S2179-8397(11)01900217
                10.1590/S2179-83972011000200017
                fa7ecf53-355a-4b0c-962e-610ccaeacf7a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 June 2011
                : 22 June 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                Aortic valve stenosis,Bioprosthesis,Bioprótese,Heart valve prosthesis implantation,Implante de prótese de valva cardíaca,Cateteres,Catheters,Estenose da valva aórtica

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