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      Development of deep-underground engineering structures via 2D and 3D RQD prediction using non-invasive CSAMT

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          Abstract

          The stability criterion based on the characterization of rock masses can be used to advance deep underground engineering projects. A key geomechanical criterion in geotechnical engineering is rock quality designation (RQD), which assesses risk for engineering design success criteria. Time, cost, and credibility constraints make it difficult to accurately estimate RQD. Point-scale data makes engineering design less precise and confusing, while traditional drilling for RQD estimation are expensive and time-consuming. An innovative geophysical approach to 2D and 3D RQD estimation is presented in this study. It provides easier, faster, and cheaper access to geomechanical volumetric data. So far, no other work has used non-invasive CSAMT to estimate RQD over 1 km depth in a highly diverse rock setting. The suggested approach provides a more precise and thorough evaluation of the rock’s integrity for the effective installation of the neutrino detector 700 m below ground. The results are significant because they help us make sense of complicated geological situations, estimate the likelihood of early collapse, and build deep underground structures safely, steadily, and affordably. Our approach leads to more objective indices, helps in the development of more accurate geotechnical structures, and reduces inconsistencies between appropriate geomechanical models and sparse data.

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          A correlation between P-wave velocity, impact strength index, slake durability index and uniaxial compressive strength

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                mhasan@imde.ac.cn
                sulijun1976@163.com
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                9 January 2025
                9 January 2025
                2025
                : 15
                : 1403
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Engineering Resilience, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ( https://ror.org/034t30j35) Chengdu, 610299 China
                [2 ]Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, China, CAS-HEC, Pakistan, Islamabad, China
                [3 ]University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, ( https://ror.org/05qbk4x57) 100049 Beijing, China
                [4 ]State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ( https://ror.org/034t30j35) Beijing, 100029 P.R. China
                [5 ]Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, ( https://ror.org/04t1cdb72) Beijing, China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-7962
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9972-4698
                Article
                85626
                10.1038/s41598-025-85626-7
                11718167
                39789080
                f9960f7a-c1bc-4cd2-bf92-4b044d84c510
                © The Author(s) 2025

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

                History
                : 20 November 2024
                : 6 January 2025
                Funding
                Funded by: The National Natural Science Foundation of China’s Research Fund for International Young Scientists (RFIS-I)
                Award ID: 42350410442
                Funded by: International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Science and Technology Department, Xinjiang, China
                Award ID: E202301005
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Nature Limited 2025

                Uncategorized
                rock quality designation (rqd),geotechnical engineering,rock mass quality,controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics (csamt),engineering structure,environmental sciences,solid earth sciences,engineering

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