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      Methyl Caffeate Isolated from the Flowers of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Enhances Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion

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          Abstract

          Phenolic compounds from natural products are considered effective enhancers of insulin secretion to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The flowers of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch also contain many phenolic compounds. In this study, the extract of flowers of P. persica (PRPE) exhibited an insulin secretion effect in a glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assay, which led us to isolate and identify the bioactive compound(s) responsible for these effects. Compounds isolated from PRPE were screened for their efficacy in INS-1 rat pancreatic β-cells. Among them, caffeic acid (5), methyl caffeate (6), ferulic acid (7), chlorogenic acid (8), naringenin (11), nicotiflorin (12), and astragalin (13) isolated from PRPE increased GSIS without inducing cytotoxicity. Interestingly, the GSIS effect of methyl caffeate (6) as a phenolic compound was similar to gliclazide, an antidiabetic sulfonylurea drug. Western blot assay showed that methyl caffeate (6) enhanced the related signaling proteins of the activated pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), but also the phosphorylation of the total insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and Akt, which influence β-cell function and insulin secretion. This study provides evidence that methyl caffeate (6) isolated from PRPE may aid in the management of T2DM.

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          Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications.

          Sean Hayes, Hrishikesh Deshpande, Mario Schootman (2008)
          In 2005, it was estimated that more than 20 million people in the United States had diabetes. Approximately 30% of these people had undiagnosed cases. Increased risk for diabetes is primarily associated with age, ethnicity, family history of diabetes, smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity. Diabetes-related complications--including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, neuropathy, blindness, and lower-extremity amputation--are a significant cause of increased morbidity and mortality among people with diabetes, and result in a heavy economic burden on the US health care system. With advances in treatment for diabetes and its associated complications, people with diabetes are living longer with their condition. This longer life span will contribute to further increases in the morbidity associated with diabetes, primarily in elderly people and in minority racial or ethnic groups. In 2050, the number of people in the United States with diagnosed diabetes is estimated to grow to 48.3 million. from randomized controlled trials provide evidence that intensive lifestyle interventions can prevent or delay the onset of diabetes in high-risk individuals. In addition, adequate and sustained control of blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and blood lipid levels can prevent or delay the onset of diabetes-related complications in people with diabetes. Effective interventions, at both the individual and population levels, are desperately needed to slow the diabetes epidemic and reduce diabetes-related complications in the United States. This report describes the current diabetes epidemic and the health and economic impact of diabetes complications on individuals and on the health care system. The report also provides suggestions by which the epidemic can be curbed.
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            Pancreatic β-Cell Electrical Activity and Insulin Secretion: Of Mice and Men.

            Patrik Rorsman, Frances M. Ashcroft (2018)
            The pancreatic β-cell plays a key role in glucose homeostasis by secreting insulin, the only hormone capable of lowering the blood glucose concentration. Impaired insulin secretion results in the chronic hyperglycemia that characterizes type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which currently afflicts >450 million people worldwide. The healthy β-cell acts as a glucose sensor matching its output to the circulating glucose concentration. It does so via metabolically induced changes in electrical activity, which culminate in an increase in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration and initiation of Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of insulin-containing secretory granules. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the β-cell transcriptome, electrical activity, and insulin exocytosis. We highlight salient differences between mouse and human β-cells, provide models of how the different ion channels contribute to their electrical activity and insulin secretion, and conclude by discussing how these processes become perturbed in T2DM.
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              Beta Cell Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance

              Marlon E. Cerf (2013)
              Beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are inherently complex with their interrelation for triggering the pathogenesis of diabetes also somewhat undefined. Both pathogenic states induce hyperglycemia and therefore increase insulin demand. Beta cell dysfunction results from inadequate glucose sensing to stimulate insulin secretion therefore elevated glucose concentrations prevail. Persistently elevated glucose concentrations above the physiological range result in the manifestation of hyperglycemia. With systemic insulin resistance, insulin signaling within glucose recipient tissues is defective therefore hyperglycemia perseveres. Beta cell dysfunction supersedes insulin resistance in inducing diabetes. Both pathological states influence each other and presumably synergistically exacerbate diabetes. Preserving beta cell function and insulin signaling in beta cells and insulin signaling in the glucose recipient tissues will maintain glucose homeostasis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ryan Moseley: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomolecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomolecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): biomolecules
                Title: Biomolecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2218-273X
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 February 2021
                Publication date Collection: February 2021
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 279
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; pjsldh@ 123456gachon.ac.kr
                [2 ]Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; qiyutong9675@ 123456gmail.com (Y.Q.); rhee0423@ 123456khu.ac.kr (R.K.)
                [3 ]Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; jbsong@ 123456khu.ac.kr (J.S.); hckim@ 123456khu.ac.kr (H.K.)
                [4 ]Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea; hykim@ 123456gntech.ac.kr
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: dsjang@ 123456khu.ac.kr (D.S.J.); kkang@ 123456gachon.ac.kr (K.S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0719 (D.S.J.); +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7239-123X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3587-9276
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5472-5232
                Article
                Publisher ID: biomolecules-11-00279
                DOI: 10.3390/biom11020279
                PMC ID: 7917615
                PubMed ID: 33672801
                SO-VID: f975e7e8-fda2-4a28-83f5-4b5d152b1db2
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 25 January 2021
                Date accepted : 09 February 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: prunus persica (l.) batsch,methyl caffeate,insulin,pi3k,akt,pparγ,pdx-1
                Data availability:
                Keywords: prunus persica (l.) batsch, methyl caffeate, insulin, pi3k, akt, pparγ, pdx-1

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