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      Medicine, torture, the death penalty and the democratic state: from collaboration to emancipation Translated title: Medicina, tortura, pena de muerte y estado democrático: de la colaboración a la emancipación Translated title: Medicina, tortura, pena de morte e o estado democrático: da colaboração à emancipação

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          Abstract

          Abstract Abuses of medicine have taken place over past decades in the context of torture and the death penalty. Serious and totally unacceptable breaches of medical ethics and human rights have occurred in institutions caring for vulnerable people. And yet there is still a need to make visible the whole spectrum of violence and breaches of human rights and to challenge them. This paper discusses a wide range of abuses in which medical professionals may take part whether as witnesses, bystanders or participants. It also addresses changes that are needed to benefit citizens at risk of abuse and to strengthen the ethical practice of medicine. The frequently-used term “empowerment” as applied to populations at risk signals a step in the right direction but usually involves the top-down giving of limited power to people. What oppressed people need is to claim their human rights – to emancipate themselves.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Los abusos de la medicina han tenido lugar en las últimas décadas en el contexto de la tortura y la pena de muerte. Faltas graves y totalmente inaceptables a la ética médica y a los derechos humanos se han producido en instituciones que atienden a personas vulnerables. E, incluso, existe además la necesidad de hacer visible todo el espectro de violencias y de violaciones a los derechos humanos que los ponen en entredicho. Este artículo analiza una amplia gama de abusos que los profesionales médicos pueden enfrentar ya sea como testigos, espectadores o participantes. También se ocupa de los cambios que son necesarios para beneficiar a los ciudadanos en riesgo de abuso y para fortalecer la práctica ética de la medicina. El frecuentemente utilizado término “empoderamiento”, aplicado a las poblaciones en riesgo señala un paso en la dirección correcta, pero por lo general implica un movimiento de arriba hacia abajo, otorgando un poder limitado a las personas. Lo que las personas oprimidas necesitan es reivindicar sus derechos humanos para emanciparse.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Abusos médicos têm ocorrido nas últimas décadas no contexto da tortura e da pena de morte. Violações graves e totalmente inaceitáveis de ética médica e dos direitos humanos ocorreram em instituições que cuidam de pessoas vulneráveis. E, no entanto, ainda há uma necessidade de tornar visível todo o espectro de violência e violações dos direitos humanos e desafiá-los. Este artigo discute uma ampla gama de abusos que os profissionais médicos podem enfrentar, seja como testemunhas, espectadores ou participantes. Também são abordadas as mudanças necessárias para beneficiar os cidadãos em risco de abuso e fortalecer a prática ética da medicina. O termo “empoderamento”, frequentemente aplicado a populações em risco, sinaliza um passo na direção certa, mas normalmente envolve a concessão limitada de poder às pessoas, “de cima para baixo”. O que as pessoas oprimidas precisam é reivindicar seus direitos humanos – emancipar a si mesmas.

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          Addressing violence against women: a call to action.

          Violence against women and girls is prevalent worldwide but historically has been overlooked and condoned. Growing international recognition of these violations creates opportunities for elimination, although solutions will not be quick or easy. Governments need to address the political, social, and economic structures that subordinate women, and implement national plans and make budget commitments to invest in actions by multiple sectors to prevent and respond to abuse. Emphasis on prevention is crucial. Community and group interventions involving women and men can shift discriminatory social norms to reduce the risk of violence. Education and empowerment of women are fundamental. Health workers should be trained to identify and support survivors and strategies to address violence should be integrated into services for child health, maternal, sexual, and reproductive health, mental health, HIV, and alcohol or substance abuse. Research to learn how to respond to violence must be strengthened. The elimination of violence against women and girls is central to equitable and sustainable social and economic development and must be prioritised in the agenda for development after 2015.
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            Guantanamo Bay: The Legal Black Hole

            The most powerful democracy is detaining hundreds of suspected foot soldiers of the Taliban in a legal black hole at the United States naval base at Guantanamo Bay, where they await trial on capital charges by military tribunals. This episode must be put in context. Democracies must defend themselves. Democracies are entitled to try officers and soldiers of enemy forces for war crimes. But it is a recurring theme in history that in times of war, armed conflict, or perceived national danger, even liberal democracies adopt measures infringing human rights in ways that are wholly disproportionate to the crisis. One tool at hand is detention without charge or trial, that is, executive detention. Ill-conceived rushed legislation is passed granting excessive powers to executive governments which compromise the rights and liberties of individuals beyond the exigencies of the situation. Often the loss of liberty is permanent. Executive branches of government, faced with a perceived emergency, often resort to excessive measures. The litany of grave abuses of power by liberal democratic governments is too long to recount, but in order to understand and to hold governments to account, we do well to take intoaccount the circles of history.
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              The Global Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bioet
                Revista Bioética
                Rev. Bioét.
                Conselho Federal de Medicina (Brasília, DF, Brazil )
                1983-8042
                1983-8034
                March 2019
                : 27
                : 1
                : 18-28
                Affiliations
                [1] Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                [2] London orgnameUniversity of London United Kingdom
                Article
                S1983-80422019000100018
                10.1590/1983-80422019271282
                f96bb596-0b5f-474e-a805-606c444f4985

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 August 2018
                : 15 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 66, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Update

                Bioethics,Ethics,Human rights,Torture,Capital punishment,Bioética,Ética,Derechos humanos,Tortura,Pena de muerte,Direitos humanos,Pena de morte

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