Saturación de oxígeno/fracción inspirada de oxígeno como predictor de mortalidad en pacientes con exacerbación de EPOC atendidos en el Hospital Militar Central

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Abstract

Resumen Introducción: la validez de la relación saturación arterial de oxígeno y fracción inspiratória de oxígeno (SaO2/FiO2), calculada por oximetría de pulso y por gases arteriales en pacientes con exacerbación de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (E-EPOC) a la altitud de Bogotá no son conocidos, los pacientes con EPOC pueden presentar alteraciones en el intercambio de gases que pueden empeorar con los episodios de broncoespasmo, obtener valores de la SaO2 por oximetría y FiO2 puede brindar información valiosa sobre el curso de la exacerbación. Objetivo: determinar la validez de la relación SaO2/FiO2 calculada por oximetría de pulso y por gases arteriales con relación a los desenlaces de ventilación mecánica (VM) y mortalidad a siete y 30 días. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo con análisis de prueba diagnóstica calculando los puntajes DECAF, BAP-65, CURB-65, gases arteriales y oximetría de pulso al ingreso de pacientes con E-EPOC, se evaluó el desenlace de mortalidad a los siete y 30 días de ingreso y el requerimiento de VM durante su hospitalización, se calculó la relación SaO2/FiO2 utilizando la SaO2 obtenida en los gases arteriales y de manera independiente la relación SaO2/FiO2 con la SaO2 obtenida por oximetría de pulso, con los datos obtenidos se calculó los valores de sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E), valor predictivo positivo (VPP), valor predictivo negativo (VPN), razón de verosimilitud positiva (LR+), razón de verosimilitud negativa (LR-) y área bajo la curva de características operativas del receptor (ACOR). Resultados: se analizaron 462 E-EPOC, el requerimiento de VM fue de 14.3% y mortalidad a 30 días de 5.71%, la sensibilidad de la relación SaO2/FiO2 calculada por oximetría de pulso para desenlace de VM fue de 84.6% (IC95%:75-94.2), especificidad 42% (IC95%:37- 47), VPP: 19.6% (IC95%:14.8-24.4), VPN: 94.3% (IC95%:90.5-98), LR+: 1.46 (IC95%:1.28-1.67), LR: 0.37(IC95%:0.20-1.67), ACOR: 0.779% (IC95%:0.711-0.847) p<0.0001, la sensibilidad de relación SaO2/FiO2 por gases arteriales para VM fue de 83% (IC95%:73.2-92.9), especificidad 57% (IC95%:51.9-62.2), VPP: 24.8% (IC95%:18.8-30.7), VPN: 95.2% (IC95%:92.2-98.2), LR+: 1.94 (IC95%:1.65-2.27), LR-: 0.30 (IC95%:0.17-0.51), ACOR: 0.799% (IC95%:0.737-0.861) p<0.0001, la sensibilidad de la relación SaO2/FiO2 por oximetría para desenlace de mortalidad tiene una sensibilidad del 76.8% (IC95%:58.8-95), especificidad de 39.2% (IC95%:34.4-43.9), VPP: 7.1% (IC95%:3.9-10.3), VPN: 96.5% (IC95%:93.5-99.5), LR+: 1.26 (IC95%:1.01-1.58), LR-: 0.59 (IC95%:0.29-1.20), ACOR: 0.689% (IC95%:0.568-0.810) p<0.0001, la sensibilidad de la relación SaO2/FiO2 por gases arteriales para mortalidad fue de 80.8% (IC95%:63.7-97.8), especificidad 53.2% (IC95%:48.3-58), VPP: 9.6% (IC95%:5.5-13.8), VPN: 97.8% (IC95%:95.7-99.9), LR+: 1.73 (IC95%:1.39-2.14), LR-: 0.36 (IC95%:0.16-0.80), ACOR: 0.732% (IC95%:0.617-0.846) p<0.0001. Conclusión: los valores de SaO2/FiO2 calculados por oximetría y por gases arteriales pueden ser útiles para predecir desenlaces de VM y mortalidad en pacientes con exacerbación de la EPOC. (Acta Med Colomb 2017; 42: 215-223).

Translated abstract

Abstract Introduction: the validity of the ratio arterial oxygen saturation and inspiratory oxygen fraction (SaO /FiO2), calculated by pulse oximetry and by arterial gases in patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (E-COPD) at the altitude of Bogotá are not known. Patients with COPD can present alterations in gas exchange that can worsen with bronchospasm episodes. Obtaining values of SaO2 by oximetry and FiO2 can provide valuable information on the course of the exacerbation. Objective: to determine the validity of the SaO2/ iO2 ratio calculated by pulse oximetry and by arterial gases in relation to mechanical ventilation (VM) outcomes and mortality at seven and 30 days. Methods: a prospective cohort study with diagnostic test analysis was performed, calculating DECAF, BAP-65, CURB-65, arterial blood gas and pulse oximetry scores on admission of patients with E-COPD, and the outcome of mortality was evaluated at seven and 30 days of admission and the MV requirement during hospitalization; the SaO2/FiO2 ratio was calculated using the SaO2 obtained in the arterial gases and independently the SaO2/FiO2 ratio with the SaO2 obtained by pulse oximetry. With the data obtained, the values of sensitivity (S), specificity (E), positive predictive value (VPP), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (LR +), negative likelihood ratio (LR-) and low area the operating characteristics curve of the receiver (ACOR) were calculated. Results: 462 E-COPD were analyzed; the MV requirement was 14.3% and 30-day mortality of 5.71%, the sensitivity of the SaO2/FiO2 ratio calculated by pulse oximetry for MV outcome was 84.6% (95% CI : 75-94.2), specificity 42% (95% CI: 37-47), PPV: 19.6% (95% CI: 14.8-24.4), NPV: 94.3% (95% CI: 90.5-98), LR +: 1.46 (95% CI : 1.28-1.67), LR: 0.37 (95% CI: 0.20-1.67), ACOR: 0.779% (95% CI: 0.711-0.847) p <0.0001, sensitivity of SaO2/FiO2 ratio for arterial blood gases for MV was 83% (95% CI: 73.2-92.9), specificity 57% (95% CI: 51.9-62.2), PPV: 24.8% (95% CI: 18.8-30.7), NPV: 95.2% (95% CI: 92.2-98.2), LR +: 1.94 (IC95%: 1.65-2.27), LR-: 0.30 (IC95%: 0.17-0.51), ACOR: 0.799% (IC95%: 0.737-0.861) p <0.0001, the sensitivity of the SaO2/FiO2 ratio by oximetry for outcome of mortality has a sensitivity of 76.8% (95% CI: 58.895), specificity of 39.2% (95% CI: 34.4-43.9), PPV: 7.1% (95% CI: 3.9-10.3), NPV: 96.5% (95% CI : 93.5-99.5), LR +: 1.26 (IC95%: 1.01-1.58), LR-: 0.59 (CI 95%: 0.29-1.20), ACOR: 0.689% (IC95%: 0.568-0.810) p <0.0001, the sensitivity of the SaO2/FiO2 ratio for arterial blood gases was 80.8% (95% CI: 63.7-97.8), specificity 53.2% (95% CI: 48.3-58), PPV: 9.6% (95% CI: 5.5-13.8), NPV: 97.8% (95% CI: 95.7-99.9), LR +: 1.73 (95% CI: 1.39-2.14), LR-: 0.36 (IC95%: 0.16-0.80), ACOR: 0.732% (IC95%: 0.617-0.846) p <0.0001. Conclusion: SaO2/FiO2 values calculated by oximetry and arterial blood gases can be useful to predict MV outcomes and mortality in patients with exacerbation of COPD. (Acta Med Colomb 2017; 42: 215-223).

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Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society.

Amir Qaseem, Timothy Wilt, Steven E Weinberger … (2011)

This guideline is an official statement of the American College of Physicians (ACP), American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), American Thoracic Society (ATS), and European Respiratory Society (ERS). It represents an update of the 2007 ACP clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is intended for clinicians who manage patients with COPD. This guideline addresses the value of history and physical examination for predicting airflow obstruction; the value of spirometry for screening or diagnosis of COPD; and COPD management strategies, specifically evaluation of various inhaled therapies (anticholinergics, long-acting β-agonists, and corticosteroids), pulmonary rehabilitation programs, and supplemental oxygen therapy. This guideline is based on a targeted literature update from March 2007 to December 2009 to evaluate the evidence and update the 2007 ACP clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and management of stable COPD. RECOMMENDATION 1: ACP, ACCP, ATS, and ERS recommend that spirometry should be obtained to diagnose airflow obstruction in patients with respiratory symptoms (Grade: strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence). Spirometry should not be used to screen for airflow obstruction in individuals without respiratory symptoms (Grade: strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 2: For stable COPD patients with respiratory symptoms and FEV(1) between 60% and 80% predicted, ACP, ACCP, ATS, and ERS suggest that treatment with inhaled bronchodilators may be used (Grade: weak recommendation, low-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 3: For stable COPD patients with respiratory symptoms and FEV(1) 50% predicted. (Grade: weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 7: ACP, ACCP, ATS, and ERS recommend that clinicians should prescribe continuous oxygen therapy in patients with COPD who have severe resting hypoxemia (Pao(2) ≤55 mm Hg or Spo(2) ≤88%) (Grade: strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).

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Developing COPD: a 25 year follow up study of the general population.

H Scharling, J Vestbo, A Løkke … (2006)

Smokers are more prone to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than non-smokers, but this finding comes from studies spanning 10 years or less. The aim of this study was to determine the 25 year absolute risk of developing COPD in men and women from the general population. As part of the Copenhagen City Heart Study, 8045 men and women aged 30-60 years with normal lung function at baseline were followed for 25 years. Lung function measurements were collected and mortality from COPD during the 25 year observation period was analysed. The percentage of men with normal lung function ranged from 96% of never smokers to 59% of continuous smokers; for women the proportions were 91% and 69%, respectively. The 25 year incidence of moderate and severe COPD was 20.7% and 3.6%, respectively, with no apparent difference between men and women. Smoking cessation, especially early in the follow up period, decreased the risk of developing COPD substantially compared with continuous smoking. During the follow up period there were 2912 deaths, 109 of which were from COPD. 92% of the COPD deaths occurred in subjects who were current smokers at the beginning of the follow up period. The absolute risk of developing COPD among continuous smokers is at least 25%, which is larger than was previously estimated.

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Predictors of mortality in hospitalized adults with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Aran Singanayagam, Stuart Schembri, James Chalmers (2013)

There is a need to identify clinically meaningful predictors of mortality following hospitalized COPD exacerbation. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to identify clinically important factors that predict mortality after hospitalization for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eligible studies considered adults admitted to hospital with COPD exacerbation. Two authors independently abstracted data. Odds ratios were then calculated by comparing the prevalence of each predictor in survivors versus nonsurvivors. For continuous variables, mean differences were pooled by the inverse of their variance, using a random effects model. There were 37 studies included (189,772 study subjects) with risk of death ranging from 3.6% for studies considering short-term mortality, 31.0% for long-term mortality (up to 2 yr after hospitalization), and 29.0% for studies that considered solely intensive care unit (ICU)-admitted study subjects. Twelve prognostic factors (age, male sex, low body mass index, cardiac failure, chronic renal failure, confusion, long-term oxygen therapy, lower limb edema, Global Initiative for Chronic Lung Disease criteria stage 4, cor pulmonale, acidemia, and elevated plasma troponin level) were significantly associated with increased short-term mortality. Nine prognostic factors (age, low body mass index, cardiac failure, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, malignancy, FEV1, long-term oxygen therapy, and PaO2 on admission) were significantly associated with long-term mortality. Three factors (age, low Glasgow Coma Scale score, and pH) were significantly associated with increased risk of mortality in ICU-admitted study subjects. Different factors correlate with mortality from COPD exacerbation in the short term, long term, and after ICU admission. These parameters may be useful to develop tools for prediction of outcome in clinical practice.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Barbarita Maria Mantilla: Role: ND

Carlos Arturo Ramírez: Role: ND

Sebastián Valbuena: Role: ND

Lilian Muñoz: Role: ND

Gustavo Adolfo Hincapié: Role: ND

Alírio Rodrigo Bastidas: Role: ND

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): amc

Title: Acta Medica Colombiana

Abbreviated Title: Acta Med Colomb

Publisher: Asociacion Colombiana de Medicina Interna (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )

ISSN (Print): 0120-2448

Publication date (Print and electronic): December 2017

Volume: 42

Issue: 4

Pages: 215-223

Affiliations

[1] Bogotá Bogotá orgnameUniversidad Militar Nueva Granada orgdiv1Hospital Militar Central Colombia

[2] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad de la Sabana orgdiv1Clínica Universidad de la Sabana Colombia alirio.bastidas@ 123456unisabana.edu.co

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Publisher ID: S0120-24482017000400215

SO-VID: f93adcbc-2e80-4fe2-91ba-84842a2b2b82

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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Date received : 30 June 2017

Date accepted : 19 August 2017

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Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 9

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SciELO Colombia

Keywords: puntaje,arterial oxygen saturation,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,sensitivity and specificity,score,saturación arterial de oxígeno,enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica,sensibilidad y especificidad

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Keywords: puntaje, arterial oxygen saturation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sensitivity and specificity, score, saturación arterial de oxígeno, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, sensibilidad y especificidad

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Most cited references 21

Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society.

Developing COPD: a 25 year follow up study of the general population.

Predictors of mortality in hospitalized adults with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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