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      Auditory memory function in expert chess players

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          Abstract

          Background: Chess is a game that involves many aspects of high level cognition such as memory, attention, focus and problem solving. Long term practice of chess can improve cognition performances and behavioral skills. Auditory memory, as a kind of memory, can be influenced by strengthening processes following long term chess playing like other behavioral skills because of common processing pathways in the brain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the auditory memory function of expert chess players using the Persian version of dichotic auditory-verbal memory test.

          Methods: The Persian version of dichotic auditory-verbal memory test was performed for 30 expert chess players aged 20-35 years and 30 non chess players who were matched by different conditions; the participants in both groups were randomly selected. The performance of the two groups was compared by independent samples t-test using SPSS version 21.

          Results: The mean score of dichotic auditory-verbal memory test between the two groups, expert chess players and non-chess players, revealed a significant difference (p≤ 0.001). The difference between the ears scores for expert chess players (p= 0.023) and non-chess players (p= 0.013) was significant. Gender had no effect on the test results.

          Conclusion: Auditory memory function in expert chess players was significantly better compared to non-chess players. It seems that increased auditory memory function is related to strengthening cognitive performances due to playing chess for a long time.

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          Most cited references26

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          Sex differences in brain gray and white matter in healthy young adults: correlations with cognitive performance.

          Ruben C. Gur, Bruce I. Turetsky, Mie Matsui … (1999)
          Sex-related differences in behavior are extensive, but their neuroanatomic substrate is unclear. Indirect perfusion data have suggested a higher percentage of gray matter (GM) in left hemisphere cortex and in women, but differences in volumes of the major cranial compartments have not been examined for the entire brain in association with cognitive performance. We used volumetric segmentation of dual echo (proton density and T2-weighted) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in healthy volunteers (40 men, 40 women) age 18-45. Supertentorial volume was segmented into GM, white matter (WM), and CSF. We confirmed that women have a higher percentage of GM, whereas men have a higher percentage of WM and of CSF. These differences sustained a correction for total intracranial volume. In men the slope of the relation between cranial volume and GM paralleled that for WM, whereas in women the increase in WM as a function of cranial volume was at a lower rate. In men the percentage of GM was higher in the left hemisphere, the percentage of WM was symmetric, and the percentage of CSF was higher in the right. Women showed no asymmetries. Both GM and WM volumes correlated moderately with global, verbal, and spatial performance across groups. However, the regression of cognitive performance and WM volume was significantly steeper in women. Because GM consists of the somatodendritic tissue of neurons whereas WM comprises myelinated connecting axons, the higher percentage of GM makes more tissue available for computation relative to transfer across distant regions. This could compensate for smaller intracranial space in women. Sex difference in the percentage and asymmetry of the principal cranial tissue volumes may contribute to differences in cognitive functioning.
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            Sex differences in the neural basis of emotional memories.

            John Desmond, John D. E. Gabrieli, Turhan Canli … (2002)
            Psychological studies have found better memory in women than men for emotional events, but the neural basis for this difference is unknown. We used event-related functional MRI to assess whether sex differences in memory for emotional stimuli is associated with activation of different neural systems in men and women. Brain activation in 12 men and 12 women was recorded while they rated their experience of emotional arousal in response to neutral and emotionally negative pictures. In a recognition memory test 3 weeks after scanning, highly emotional pictures were remembered best, and remembered better by women than by men. Men and women activated different neural circuits to encode stimuli effectively into memory even when the analysis was restricted to pictures rated equally arousing by both groups. Men activated significantly more structures than women in a network that included the right amygdala, whereas women activated significantly fewer structures in a network that included the left amygdala. Women had significantly more brain regions where activation correlated with both ongoing evaluation of emotional experience and with subsequent memory for the most emotionally arousing pictures. Greater overlap in brain regions sensitive to current emotion and contributing to subsequent memory may be a neural mechanism for emotions to enhance memory more powerfully in women than in men.
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              Brain systems for encoding and retrieval of auditory-verbal memory. An in vivo study in humans.

              Martin Frith, Paul C. Fletcher, R Frackowiak … (1995)
              Long-term auditory-verbal memory comprises, at a neuropsychological level, a number of distinct cognitive processes. In the present study we determined the brain systems engaged during encoding (experiment 1) and retrieval (experiment 2) of episodic auditory-verbal material. In the separate experiments, PET measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), an index of neural activity, were performed in normal volunteers during either the encoding or the retrieval of paired word associates. In experiment 1, a dual task interference paradigm was used to isolate areas involved in episodic encoding from those which would be concurrently activated by other cognitive processes associated with the presentation of paired associates, notably priming. In experiment 2, we used the cued retrieval of paired associates from episodic or from semantic memory in order to isolate the neural correlates of episodic memories. Encoding of episodic memory was associated with activation of the left prefrontal cortex and the retrosplenial area of the cingulate cortex, while retrieval from episodic memory was associated with activation of the precuneus bilaterally and of the right prefrontal cortex. These results are compatible with the patterns of activation reported in a previous PET memory experiment in which encoding and retrieval were studied concurrently. They also indicate that separate brain systems are engaged during the encoding and retrieval phases of episodic auditory-verbal memory. Retrieval from episodic memory engages a different, but overlapping, system to that engaged by retrieval from semantic memory, a finding that lends functional anatomical support to this neuropsychological distinction.
              Article 0 comments Cited 52 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Med J Islam Repub Iran
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Med J Islam Repub Iran
                Journal ID (publisher-id): MJIRI
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Med J Islam Repub Iran
                Title: Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran
                Publisher: Iran University of Medical Sciences
                ISSN (Print): 1016-1430
                ISSN (Electronic): 2251-6840
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 06 October 2015
                Volume: 29
                Page: 275
                Affiliations
                1 Master Student of Audiology, Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. fattahi_fariba@ 123456yahoo.com
                2 Instructor, Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ageshani@ 123456tums.ac.ir
                3 Associate Professor, Department of Basic Sciences in Rehabilitation, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. jafari.z@ 123456iums.ac.ir
                4 Assistant Professor, Department of Statistic, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. jalaeish@ 123456sina.tums.ac.ir
                5 MSc in Sport Physiology, Iran Chess Federation Member, Center of Applied Sciences of Chess Federation, Tehran, Iran. mahini_m@ 123456yahoo.com
                Author notes
                (Corresponding author) Instructor, Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ageshani@ 123456tums.ac.ir
                Article
                PMC ID: 4715404
                SO-VID: f9242c52-c101-4250-a928-ba7db647a09d
                Copyright © © 2015 Iran University of Medical Sciences
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 3.0 License (CC BY-NC 3.0), which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.

                History
                Date received : 25 January 2015
                Date accepted : 19 April 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, References: 34, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: dichotic,auditory memory,chess players
                Data availability:
                Keywords: dichotic, auditory memory, chess players

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