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      Antitumor effect of oleic acid; mechanisms of action: A review Translated title: Efecto antitumoral del ácido oleico; mecanismos de acción: revisión científica

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          Abstract

          Introduction: The beneficial effects of oleic acid in cancer processes can no longer be doubted, but little is known about the mechanisms of action behind this phenomenon. Aim: The aim of the present review is to clarify whether oleic acid has an effect on important mechanisms related to the carcinogenic processes. Methods: We searched electronic databases and bibliographies of selected articles were inspected for further reference. We focused our research on two cellular transformations characterizing cancer development: proliferation and cell death or apoptosis. Results: Numerous studies have reported an inhibition in cell proliferation induced by oleic acid in different tumor cell lines. Herein, oleic acid could suppress the over-expression of HER2 (erbB-2), a well-characterized oncogene which plays a key role in the etiology, invasive progression and metastasis in several human cancers. In addition, oleic acid could play a role in intracellular calcium signaling pathways linked to the proliferation event. Regarding cell death, oleic acid has been shown to induce apoptosis in carcinoma cells. The mechanisms behind the apoptotic event induced by oleic acid could be related to an increase in intracellular ROS production or caspase 3 activity. Several unsaturated fatty acids have been reported to induce apoptosis through a release of calcium from intracellular stores. However, evidence regarding such a role in oleic acid is lacking. Conclusions: Oleic acid plays a role in the activation of different intracellular pathways involved in carcinoma cell development. Such a role could be the root of its antitumoral effects reported in clinical studies.

          Translated abstract

          Introducción: Los estudios epidemiológicos atribuyen un papel protector al ácido oleico frente a determinados tipos de cáncer. Sin embargo, el conocimiento relativo al mecanismo por el cual tal ácido graso ejerce sus efectos es escaso. Objetivo: La presente revisión bibliográfica tiene como objetivo recopilar aquellos trabajos que centran su atención en los mecanismos intracelulares que podrían explicar los efectos clínicos atribuidos al ácido oleico. Métodos: Se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica a través de bases de datos electrónicas y las referencias de los artículos de interés han sido utilizadas como fuente de búsquedas más avanzadas. Nuestra revisión se ha centrado en la descripción de dos de las transformaciones celulares que caracterizan el desarrollo de cáncer: proliferación y muerte celular. Resultados: Numerosos estudios atribuyen un papel inhibidor de la proliferación de células tumorales al ácido oleico. Entre los mecanismos de acción, se encuentran su capacidad para suprimir la expresión de HER2 (erbB-2), un oncogén bien conocido por su implicación en la etiología, progresión y metástasis de distintos tipos de cáncer. Además, el ácido oleico podría jugar un papel en la activación de la señalización de calcio intracelular, rutas igualmente ligadas a la proliferación celular. En cuanto a su papel en los fenómenos de muerte celular, el ácido oleico puede inducir apoptosis en células tumorales describiéndose como mecanismos implicados la producción de intracelular de especies reactivas o la activación de la actividad caspasa 3. Aunque muchos estudios relacionan la apoptosis inducida por los ácidos grasos insaturados con la liberación de calcio de los depósitos intracelulares, faltan estudios que aclaren el papel del ácido oleico a este respecto. Conclusión: El ácido oleico juega un papel en la activación de diferentes rutas intracelulares implicadas en el desarrollo de células tumorales. Estos mecanismos podrían ser la base de los efectos protectores que le atribuyen los estudios clínicos.

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          Most cited references117

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          Store-operated calcium channels.

          In electrically nonexcitable cells, Ca(2+) influx is essential for regulating a host of kinetically distinct processes involving exocytosis, enzyme control, gene regulation, cell growth and proliferation, and apoptosis. The major Ca(2+) entry pathway in these cells is the store-operated one, in which the emptying of intracellular Ca(2+) stores activates Ca(2+) influx (store-operated Ca(2+) entry, or capacitative Ca(2+) entry). Several biophysically distinct store-operated currents have been reported, but the best characterized is the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) current, I(CRAC). Although it was initially considered to function only in nonexcitable cells, growing evidence now points towards a central role for I(CRAC)-like currents in excitable cells too. In spite of intense research, the signal that relays the store Ca(2+) content to CRAC channels in the plasma membrane, as well as the molecular identity of the Ca(2+) sensor within the stores, remains elusive. Resolution of these issues would be greatly helped by the identification of the CRAC channel gene. In some systems, evidence suggests that store-operated channels might be related to TRP homologs, although no consensus has yet been reached. Better understood are mechanisms that inactivate store-operated entry and hence control the overall duration of Ca(2+) entry. Recent work has revealed a central role for mitochondria in the regulation of I(CRAC), and this is particularly prominent under physiological conditions. I(CRAC) therefore represents a dynamic interplay between endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and plasma membrane. In this review, we describe the key electrophysiological features of I(CRAC) and other store-operated Ca(2+) currents and how they are regulated, and we consider recent advances that have shed insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in this ubiquitous and vital Ca(2+) entry pathway.
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            Store depletion and calcium influx.

            Calcium influx in nonexcitable cells regulates such diverse processes as exocytosis, contraction, enzyme control, gene regulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. The dominant Ca2+ entry pathway in these cells is the store-operated one, in which Ca2+ entry is governed by the Ca2+ content of the agonist-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores. Only recently has a Ca2+ current been described that is activated by store depletion. The properties of this new current, called Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ current (ICRAC), have been investigated in detail using the patch-clamp technique. Despite intense research, the nature of the signal that couples Ca2+ store content to the Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane has remained elusive. Although ICRAC appears to be the most effective and widespread influx pathway, other store-operated currents have also been observed. Although the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel has not yet been cloned, evidence continues to accumulate that the Drosophila trp gene might encode a store-operated Ca2+ channel. In this review, we describe the historical development of the field of Ca2+ signaling and the discovery of store-operated Ca2+ currents. We focus on the electrophysiological properties of the prototype store-operated current ICRAC, discuss the regulatory mechanisms that control it, and finally consider recent advances toward the identification of molecular mechanisms involved in this ubiquitous and important Ca2+ entry pathway.
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              Regulation of cell cycle progression by calcium/calmodulin-dependent pathways.

              Many hormones, growth factors, and cytokines regulate proliferation of their target cells. Perhaps the most universal signaling cascades required for proliferative responses are those initiated by transient rises in intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)). The major intracellular receptor for Ca(2+) is calmodulin (CaM). CaM is a small protein that contains four EF-hand Ca(2+) binding sites and is highly conserved among eukaryotes. In all organisms in which the CaM gene has been deleted, it is essential. Although Ca(2+)/CaM is required for proliferation in both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes, the essential targets of Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent pathways required for cell proliferation remain elusive. Potential Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent targets include the serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin and the family of multifunctional Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent protein kinases. Whereas these enzymes are essential in Aspergillus nidulans, they are not required under normal growth conditions in yeast. However, in mammalian cells, studies demonstrate that both types of enzymes contribute to the regulation of cell cycle progression. Unfortunately, the mechanism by which Ca(2+)/CaM and its downstream targets, particularly calcineurin and the Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent protein kinases, regulate key cell cycle-regulatory proteins, remains enigmatic. By understanding how Ca(2+)/CaM regulates cell cycle progression in normal mammalian cells, we may gain insight into how hormones control cell division and how cancer cells subvert the need for Ca(2+) and its downstream targets to proliferate.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                December 2012
                : 27
                : 6
                : 1860-1865
                Affiliations
                [01] Burgos orgnameUniversidad de Burgos orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias orgdiv2Área de Nutrición y Bromatología Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112012000600010
                10.3305/nh.2012.27.6.6010
                23588432
                f91e5db3-71a0-42d9-8bb6-0cd42d6aef09

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 August 2012
                : 17 June 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 71, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Ácido oleico,Apoptosis,Proliferación celular,Señalización celular,Oleic acid,Proliferation,Intracellular signaling

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