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      Urinary incontinence after COVID-19 vaccination: a case study in an 8-year-old boy

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          Abstract

          There have been many studies on the adverse effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines but the urinary incontinence after COVID-19 vaccination is rare. Here, we report an 8-year-old boy presented to outpatient department, Thai Binh University of Medicine Hospital, Thai Binh, Vietnam with complaints of urinary incontinence for the past 2 weeks, following the first dose of the messenger RNA vaccine. He had no other abnormalities in clinical and laboratory exams. This clinical situation suggested vaccine side effects. No specific treatment was administered upon diagnosis without toilet and bladder training. Subsequent monitoring revealed a gradual reduction in symptoms over 2 months, with complete recovery achieved at the 14th week from the onset of symptoms, without necessitating any medical intervention. This case highlights the need for thorough evaluation and assessment of potential adverse effects following vaccination, including uncommon presentations.

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          Most cited references12

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          The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review

          The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 1.4 million confirmed cases and over 83,000 deaths globally. It has also sparked fears of an impending economic crisis and recession. Social distancing, self-isolation and travel restrictions forced a decrease in the workforce across all economic sectors and caused many jobs to be lost. Schools have closed down, and the need of commodities and manufactured products has decreased. In contrast, the need for medical supplies has significantly increased. The food sector has also seen a great demand due to panic-buying and stockpiling of food products. In response to this global outbreak, we summarise the socio-economic effects of COVID-19 on individual aspects of the world economy.
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            Evaluation of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Children 5 to 11 Years of Age

            Background Safe, effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) are urgently needed in children younger than 12 years of age. Methods A phase 1, dose-finding study and an ongoing phase 2–3 randomized trial are being conducted to investigate the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine administered 21 days apart in children 6 months to 11 years of age. We present results for 5-to-11-year-old children. In the phase 2–3 trial, participants were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive two doses of either the BNT162b2 vaccine at the dose level identified during the open-label phase 1 study or placebo. Immune responses 1 month after the second dose of BNT162b2 were immunologically bridged to those in 16-to-25-year-olds from the pivotal trial of two 30-μg doses of BNT162b2. Vaccine efficacy against Covid-19 at 7 days or more after the second dose was assessed. Results During the phase 1 study, a total of 48 children 5 to 11 years of age received 10 μg, 20 μg, or 30 μg of the BNT162b2 vaccine (16 children at each dose level). On the basis of reactogenicity and immunogenicity, a dose level of 10 μg was selected for further study. In the phase 2–3 trial, a total of 2268 children were randomly assigned to receive the BNT162b2 vaccine (1517 children) or placebo (751 children). At data cutoff, the median follow-up was 2.3 months. In the 5-to-11-year-olds, as in other age groups, the BNT162b2 vaccine had a favorable safety profile. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were noted. One month after the second dose, the geometric mean ratio of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing titers in 5-to-11-year-olds to those in 16-to-25-year-olds was 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93 to 1.18), a ratio meeting the prespecified immunogenicity success criterion (lower bound of two-sided 95% CI, >0.67; geometric mean ratio point estimate, ≥0.8). Covid-19 with onset 7 days or more after the second dose was reported in three recipients of the BNT162b2 vaccine and in 16 placebo recipients (vaccine efficacy, 90.7%; 95% CI, 67.7 to 98.3). Conclusions A Covid-19 vaccination regimen consisting of two 10-μg doses of BNT162b2 administered 21 days apart was found to be safe, immunogenic, and efficacious in children 5 to 11 years of age. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04816643 .)
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              COVID-19 vaccines: rapid development, implications, challenges and future prospects

              COVID-19 has affected millions of people and put an unparalleled burden on healthcare systems as well as economies throughout the world. Currently, there is no decisive therapy for COVID-19 or related complications. The only hope to mitigate this pandemic is through vaccines. The COVID-19 vaccines are being developed rapidly, compared to traditional vaccines, and are being approved via Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) worldwide. So far, there are 232 vaccine candidates. One hundred and seventy-two are in preclinical development and 60 in clinical development, of which 9 are approved under EUA by different countries. This includes the United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA), Canada, Russia, China, and India. Distributing vaccination to all, with a safe and efficacious vaccine is the leading priority for all nations to combat this COVID-19 pandemic. However, the current accelerated process of COVID-19 vaccine development and EUA has many unanswered questions. In addition, the change in strain of SARS-CoV-2 in UK and South Africa, and its increasing spread across the world have raised more challenges, both for the vaccine developers as well as the governments across the world. In this review, we have discussed the different type of vaccines with examples of COVID-19 vaccines, their rapid development compared to the traditional vaccine, associated challenges, and future prospects.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Clin Exp Vaccine Res
                Clin Exp Vaccine Res
                CEVR
                Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
                The Korean Vaccine Society
                2287-3651
                2287-366X
                July 2024
                31 July 2024
                : 13
                : 3
                : 259-262
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Vietnam.
                [2 ]Thai Binh Medical University Hospital, Thai Binh, Vietnam.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Van Thuan Hoang, MD, PhD. Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 373 Ly Bon, Thai Binh City 410000, Vietnam. Tel: +84-2273838545, Fax: +84-2273847509, thuanytb36c@ 123456gmail.com ; thuanhv@ 123456tbump.edu.vn
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-3785
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9366-6116
                https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7507-4129
                https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0069-3395
                https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4101-4058
                https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2535-8105
                https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7647-3483
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1369-8615
                Article
                10.7774/cevr.2024.13.3.259
                11319116
                39144124
                f8f172d3-8601-4b8d-8871-2b9b78979bbb
                © Korean Vaccine Society.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 08 March 2024
                : 02 April 2024
                : 29 June 2024
                Categories
                Case Report

                vaccine,covid-19,adverse effects,urinary incontinence,case reports

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